Collaborative Research: The Response of Continental Hydrothermal Systems to Tectonic, Magmatic, and Climatic Forcing

大陆热液系统具有重大的科学意义和现实意义，对地球S的热收支和地球化学循环具有重要意义。大陆热液系统是经济上重要的金属矿床的主要来源，提供地热资源，支持刚刚开始勘探的外来生态系统，在某些情况下，热液爆炸造成重大地质灾害。控制这些系统的地下条件和过程知之甚少，因为它们需要多相和多组分的流体在具有非均质渗透率场的岩石中流动，这些岩石受到多种地质和环境过程的扰动。需要精心设计的多学科实地实验和建模工作，以了解驱动这些动力系统的耦合过程，并控制它们对地质和环境压力的反应。该项目的重点是量化大陆热液系统对从几秒到几千年的时间尺度上运行的构造、岩浆和气候过程的响应。PIs解决了重要和及时的科学问题，例如：多相流体和溶解成分如何通过热液系统流动？这些系统如何重新分配元素以产生矿藏和微生物栖息地？地震和岩浆活动如何扰乱热液系统？是什么触发了热液爆炸？环境过程和气候如何影响大陆热液系统？这项研究将结合实地调查、数据分析和建模。该实地计划结合了创新的仪器网络和沉积物取心活动，将通过模拟活动整合起来，以研究黄石湖热液系统对构造、岩浆和气候强迫的响应。黄石湖是进行这项研究的理想地点，因为它拥有活跃的热液系统，位于构造和岩浆活动高度活跃的地区，该地区受到冰后期各种气候条件的影响。研究活动将包括地球化学、地震学、地质学、大地测量学、热流、微古生物学、湖泊学、古气候学、统计学、分析模型和数值模型的组成部分，所有这些都是解开驱动系统行为的耦合过程的关键。对湖底系统的研究为研究跨越11个数量级的更大范围的时间尺度上的强迫反应关系提供了一个难得的机会。

Continental hydrothermal systems have immense scientific and practical significance and are critically important to the Earth?s thermal budget and geochemical cycles. Continental hydrothermal systems are a primary source of economically important metal deposits, provide geothermal resources, support exotic ecosystems that are just beginning to be explored, and in some settings pose a significant geologic hazard via hydrothermal explosions. The subsurface conditions and processes that control these systems are poorly understood because they entail the flow of multi-phase and multi-component fluids through rocks with heterogeneous permeability fields that are perturbed by a multitude of geological and environmental processes. Carefully designed multidisciplinary field experiments and modeling efforts are required to understand the coupled processes that drive these dynamic systems and control their response to geological and environmental forcing. This project is focused on quantifying the response of continental hydrothermal systems to tectonic, magmatic, and climatic processes operating on time-scales from seconds to thousands of years. The PIs address important and timely scientific questions, such as: How do multi-phase fluids and dissolved constituents flux through hydrothermal systems? How do these systems redistribute elements to produce mineral deposits and microbial habitats? How do earthquakes and magmatic activity perturb hydrothermal systems? What triggers hydrothermal explosions? How do environmental processes and climate affect continental hydrothermal systems? The study will involve a combination of fieldwork, data analysis, and modeling. The field program uses a combination of innovative instrument networks and sediment coring activities that will be integrated through modeling activities to study the response of the Yellowstone Lake hydrothermal system to tectonic, magmatic, and climatic forcing. Yellowstone Lake is an ideal site for this research because it hosts an active hydrothermal system located in a region with high levels of tectonic and magmatic activity that has been influenced by a broad range of climate conditions in postglacial times. Research activities will include components of geochemistry, seismology, geology, geodesy, heat flow, micropaleontology, limnology, paleoclimatology, statistics, analytical modeling, and numerical modeling, all of which are essential for unraveling the coupled processes that drive system behavior. Working on a lake-floor system provides an exceptional opportunity to study forcing-response relationships on an expanded range of time-scales spanning more than 11 orders of magnitude.