GEM: Onset and Consequences of Reconnection in the Magnetotail

该项目探讨了在引发严重空间气象活动方面一直存在持续辩论和争议的一些引人注目的问题。该团队将使用最先进的3D动力学粒子单元（PIC）模型跟踪地球磁尾从稳定配置到爆炸性磁重联开始的演变，该模型已被修改为在千万亿次计算机上有效运行。磁场重联实际上是磁力线的断裂和重新连接，伴随着能量的爆炸性释放，对空间“恶劣天气”的发展至关重要。该项目的另一个重要特点是，模拟工作将继续进行，以便及时跟踪磁尾在爆炸性能量释放后的演变情况。 这使得能够调查与空间风暴发展有关的一些观察到的现象-有些只是最近才被认识到。该项目具有提供变革性新知识的巨大潜力。获得关于在不同的空间和时间尺度上发生的过程之间的相互作用的知识，是理解从恶劣空间天气到龙卷风、火山爆发到地震等极端事件发展的一个重大挑战。该项目的目标和方法与NSF极端事件预测和恢复力（PREEVENTS）计划的重点密切相关，该计划共同资助了上述工作。该项目将支持培养一名博士后学生，为未来的科学劳动力做出贡献。这项工作的结果将在更广泛的科学界的一系列学科领域感兴趣，因为磁重联发生在空间，天体物理和实验室等离子体。 从长远来看，关于空间风暴期间爆炸性能量释放触发因素的新知识将改进空间气象预测，通过重组PIC模型以利用千万亿次计算机，能够在理解磁重联爆炸性开始及其原因方面取得进展。 PIC模型遵循带电粒子的路径，因为它们通过在固定网格内的点处计算的自洽电磁场移动。为了减少计算机必须跟踪的大量粒子，并使计算易于处理，模拟使用计算超粒子，每个超粒子可能代表数百万个带电粒子。在这个项目中使用的VPIC模型是一个国家的最先进的，高性能的，3D完全动力学粒子在细胞模型。 它是世界上最快、最优化、最强大的PIC模型之一。 在千万亿次计算机上使用该代码进行的模拟已经超过了3万亿个粒子和150亿个细胞。一个重要的方面是，该模型是能够模拟的不稳定性和动力学的微尺度扩散区发生重联，而在同一时间查看扩散区和磁尾之间的耦合在更大的尺度上重要的全球风暴的发展。

This project addresses compelling questions that have been the subject of continuing debate and controversy regarding the triggers of severe space weather activity. The team will follow the evolution of the Earth's magnetotail from a stable configuration to the onset of explosive magnetic reconnection using a state-of-the-art 3D kinetic particle-in-cell (PIC) model that has been modified to run efficiently on petascale computers. Magnetic reconnection is, in effect, the breaking and reconnecting of magnetic field lines, which is accompanied by an explosive release of energy, and is critical to the development of "severe weather" in space. An important additional feature of the project is that the simulations will be continued in time to follow the evolution of the magnetotail after the explosive energy release. This enables investigation of a number of observed phenomena connected to the space storm development - some only recently appreciated. This project has a high potential for delivering transformative new knowledge. Gaining knowledge about the interactions between processes that occur on disparate spatial and temporal scales is a major challenge in understanding the development of extreme events ranging from severe space weather to tornadoes to volcanic eruptions to earthquakes. The objectives and methodology in this project are closely aligned with the focus of the NSF Prediction of and Resilience against Extreme Events (PREEVENTS) program, which is co-funding the work described above. The project will support the training of a postdoctoral student, contributing to the future scientific workforce. The results of this work will be of interest to a range of discipline areas in the broader scientific community because magnetic reconnection occurs in space, astrophysical, and laboratory plasmas. In the longer term, new knowledge about the triggers of explosive energy release during space storms will improve space weather prediction.Progress in understanding the explosive onset of magnetic reconnection and its causes is enabled through the restructuring of PIC models to take advantage of petascale computers. PIC models follow the paths of charged particles as they move through self-consistent electromagnetic fields computed at points within a fixed mesh. To reduce the extremely large number of particles that the computer must follow and make the calculation tractable, the simulation uses computational superparticles, each of which may represent millions of charged particles. The VPIC model used in this project is a state-of-the-art, high performance, 3D fully kinetic particle-in-cell model. It is one of the fastest, most optimized, and most capable PIC models in the world. Simulations using this code have exceeded 3 trillion particles and 15 billion cells on petascale computers. An important aspect is that the model is able to simulate the instabilities and dynamics in the micro-scale diffusion region where reconnection occurs, while at the same time viewing the coupling between the diffusion region and the magnetotail at the larger scales important in the global storm development.