Particle Physics at CMS in the High Luminosity Era

粒子物理学是在最基本的层面上对自然的研究。近几十年来取得了巨大的进步，阐明了物质的关键结构和支配大多数熟悉世界的力量。然而，还有更多的未知和无法解释，现代物质和力的理论，尽管取得了显著的成功，被认为只是一些尚未被发现的更广泛、更深刻的理论的近似值。将宇宙维系在一起的暗物质是无法解释的；基本粒子的质量无法解释；甚至物质本身的存在也是无法解释的。该项目将使用并扩展大型“紧凑型介子螺线”（CMS）粒子探测器的能力，该探测器在瑞士欧洲核子研究中心的大型强子对撞机上运行，以寻求对宇宙及其内容更广泛、更全面的理解的证据，并以此推动基础科学的进步。大部分的研究工作都是由学生完成的，包括研究生和本科生，他们在这个过程中接受的教育和技术培训确保了他们能够为社会做出强有力的贡献。CMS实验产生的现有和新数据将用于研究暗物质产生、新的重玻色子和超对称的可能迹象，以及对已知粒子（特别是顶夸克）的精确测量，以及对尚未观测到的过程（如希格斯玻色子与两个顶夸克结合产生）的测量。为了扩展CMS功能，将进行硅像素跟踪设备和触发器的升级研究和开发。探测器的升级需要利用下一个加速器升级的全部潜力，被称为高亮度大型强子对撞机。探测器和电子设备，连同支持软件和固件，将进行原型设计和研究，以建立升级的设计和施工技术，并解决预期的无数技术挑战。

Particle physics is the study of Nature at its most fundamental level. Great strides have been made in recent decades, elucidating the key structure of matter and the forces that govern most of the familiar world. Yet more remains unknown and unexplained, and the modern theory of matter and forces, despite its remarkable successes, is thought to be but an approximation to some broader, deeper theory as yet undiscovered. The dark matter that holds the universe together is unexplained; the masses of fundamental particles are unexplained; even the existence of matter itself is unexplained. This project will both use and extend the capabilities of the large "Compact Muon Solenoid" (CMS) particle detector, which operates at the Large Hadron Collider at the CERN Laboratory in Switzerland, to seek evidence of a larger, more encompassing understanding of the universe and its contents, and in so doing, further the progress of fundamental science. Much of the research work is done by students, both graduate students and undergraduates, and the education and technical training they receive in this process ensures they can make robust contributions to society. Existing and new data produced by the CMS experiment will be studied for possible indications of dark matter production, new heavy bosons, and supersymmetry, as well as for refined measurements of known particles, particularly the top quark, and measurements of as-yet-unobserved processes such as the production of a Higgs boson in conjunction with two top quarks. To extend CMS capabilities, research and development for upgrades to the silicon pixel tracking devices and the trigger will be conducted. Detector upgrades are needed to exploit the full potential of the next accelerator upgrade, known as the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider. Detectors and electronics, together with supporting software and firmware, will be prototyped and studied to establish both the design and construction techniques for the upgrade and to solve the myriad technical challenges that are anticipated.