CEDAR: Mesospheric Investigation of Gravity Wave and Mountain Wave Activities and Impacts in the Lee Side of the Southern Andes

该合同将支持在阿根廷里约热内卢Grande （53.8 S, 67.7 W）部署、安装和运行先进的中间层温度成像仪（AMTM），为期三年。该仪器将利用OH排放来确定300平方公里范围内85公里处中性温度的水平分布。这个站点已经安装了流星风雷达和波士顿大学的全天气辉成像仪。2017年初，德国航空航天中心（DLR）的B. Kaifler博士也将在该地点部署新的瑞利激光雷达。AMTM自动运行，并与流星雷达、瑞利激光雷达和全天成像仪一起，形成一套4个互补数据集，能够对大气重力波的特征、传播和消散进行前所未有的研究。来自这些仪器的综合数据集将提供一套全面准确的中间层风、温度和密度测量数据，从而可以高精度和有节奏地确定波的传播方向和速度。里约热内卢Grande的研究地点位于南美洲的最南端。该地区（南安第斯山脉、德雷克海峡和南极半岛）已被确定为巨大的重力波“热点”。多山的地形和持续强劲的对流层风产生了丰富的GWs，包括强烈的地形波。该研究将有助于了解GW的生命周期及其对中高层大气的影响。GWs在MLT区域的传播影响了80 ~ 110 km高度的质量、动量和能量的转换和交换。最后，这项研究将对美国的本科生教育做出重大贡献，并将为扩大国际合作带来新的研究机会。这个奖项的主要目标是：1)利用同步互补的高质量仪器（DLR Rayleigh激光雷达、SAAMER流星雷达和BU全天成像仪）测量传播到南安第斯山脉背风侧MLT区域的mw的发生和特征（MWs最强烈的来源之一）。估算MWs通过动量沉积对高层大气的影响，并与同期观测到的非地形波引起的强迫进行比较。将新结果与以前的观测结果进行比较，这些观测使用了类似的仪器，但使用了不同的地形源和大气背景：DEEPWAVE（新西兰）和GW LCYCLE 2（斯堪的纳维亚）。

This award would support the deployment, installation, and operations of an Advanced Mesospheric Temperature Mapper (AMTM) at Rio Grande, Argentina (53.8 S, 67.7 W) for a three year period. This instrument would use OH emissions to determine the horizontal distribution of the neutral temperature at 85 km over an extent of 300 km square. This site already hosts a meteor wind radar and a Boston University all-sky airglow imager. A new Rayleigh lidar will also be deployed at this site in early 2017 by Dr. B. Kaifler from the German Aerospace Center (DLR). The AMTM operates automatically and with the meteor radar, the Rayleigh lidar, and all-sky imager a suite of 4 complementary data sets enabling unprecedented investigations of the characteristics, propagation and dissipation of atmospheric gravity waves would be created. The combined data sets from these instruments would provide a comprehensive set of accurate measurements of mesospheric winds, temperature, and density that would allow the determination of wave propagation direction and speed with high accuracy and cadence. The research site of Rio Grande is located in the southernmost part of South America. This region (South Andes, Drake Passage and Antarctic Peninsula) has been identified as an enormous gravity wave (GW) 'hotspot'. The mountainous terrain and persistent strong tropospheric winds generate a wealth of GWs including intense orographic waves. The research will help understand the GW lifecycle and effects on the middle and upper atmosphere. The propagation of GWs through the MLT region affects the transformation and exchange of mass, momentum, and energy at the altitudes of 80 to 110 km. Finally, the research will contribute substantially to undergraduate student education within the USA and will lead to new research opportunities for expanded international collaboration.The primary goals of this award are: 1.) To measure the occurrence and characteristics of MWs propagating into the MLT region in the lee side of the Southern Andes Mountains (one of the most intense source regions for MWs) using simultaneous complementary high-quality instruments (DLR Rayleigh lidar, SAAMER meteor radar and BU all-sky imager),2.) To estimate the impact of MWs on the upper atmosphere, via momentum deposition and compare with the forcing induced by non-orographic wave observed during the same period,3.) To compare the new results with previous observations involving similar instrumentations but with different orographic sources and atmospheric backgrounds: DEEPWAVE (New Zealand) and GW LCYCLE 2 (Scandinavia).