CSEDI Collab. Research: A joint mineral physics and nano-seismological study on high-pressure faulting in metastable olivine and harzburgite with implications to deep earthquakes

在世界范围内，每年的地震次数随着深度下降到300公里左右而迅速减少，然后在550 - 600公里左右达到高峰，然后在700公里附近突然终止。深层地震，即发生在300公里以下的地震，特别神秘，因为我们知道，在这些压力和温度都很高的深度，岩石通常是通过蠕变和流动变形的，而不是通过脆性断裂。了解dfeq的机制很重要，因为这些地震发生在俯冲带，并在全球许多地区造成重大的地震危害。它还有助于了解岩石的性质和行为，以及板块构造如何在地球内部起作用。该项目开发的实验能力将在远远超出地球科学的学科中得到广泛应用，包括材料科学、物理学和工程学。在该项目中，研究人员将结合先进的实验技术和最先进的地震分析工具，以获取高压高温下压裂物理机制的信息。研究的物质为（Mg,Fe）2SiO4橄榄石（海洋岩石圈和上地幔的优势矿物）和辉石（海洋岩石圈的优势岩石组合）。样品将在一种新型的变形设备中变形，该设备配备了原位声发射（AE）监测以及x射线衍射和成像，在各种压力，温度，差应力，应变和应变速率条件下进行变形。这些材料将在高达14 GPa的压力下进行受控变形。一套最先进的地震检测、定位和震源表征方法将应用于声发射事件的纳米地震图，以确定破裂机制。我们的目标是了解在实验室尺度上连接地震力学和矿物/岩石的物理学，提供关于剪切局部化如何以及在什么条件下发生，影响和受矿物反应平衡和动力学的影响，并触发动态机械不稳定的基本见解。在实验过程中要注意控制氧逸度和尽量减少水的含量。必须记住，实验室过程和俯冲带过程在规模上存在巨大差异。该小组将进行比较研究，以检查声发射源与DFEQs的特征。然后将根据实验数据、地震观测和大规模俯冲带过程开发和评估热化学力学模型。结合这些方法，研究人员期望通过建立dfeq的物理模型来显著增强我们对dfeq机制的理解，dfeq的可测试性和可扩展性可以通过计算模拟进一步检验。

Worldwide, the number of earthquakes per year decreases rapidly with depth down to ~300 km, then peaks around 550 - 600 km, before terminating abruptly near 700 km. Deep-focus earthquakes (DFEQs), i.e., those occurring at depths below 300 km, are particularly mysterious, as we know that rocks generally deform by creep and flow, rather than by brittle fracture, at these depths, where pressures and temperatures are both very high. Understanding the mechanisms of DFEQs is important because these quakes occur in subduction zones and pose significant seismic hazards in many regions around the globe. It also helps understand properties and behaviors of rocks and how plate tectonics works in the Earth's interior. The experimental capabilities developed in the project will find broad applications in disciplines far beyond earth science, including materials science, physics, and engineering.In this project, the investigators will combine advanced experimental techniques and state-of-the-art seismological analytical tools to obtain information on the physical mechanisms of fracturing under high pressure and high temperature. The materials to be studied are (Mg,Fe)2SiO4 olivine (the dominant mineral in the oceanic lithosphere and the upper mantle) and harzburgite (the dominant rock assemblage of the oceanic lithosphere). Samples will be deformed in a new class of deformation apparatus equipped with in-situ acoustic emission (AE) monitoring as well as x-ray diffraction and imaging, under a wide range of conditions of pressure, temperature, differential stress, strain, and strain rate. Controlled deformation will be conducted on these materials at pressures up to 14 GPa. A suite of state-of-the-art seismological methods of event detection, location, and source characterization will be applied to the nanoseismograms of AE events to determine rupture mechanisms. Our goal is to understand the physics that connects earthquake mechanics and minerals/rocks at laboratory scales, to provide fundamental insight as to how and under what conditions shear localization occurs, affecting, and affected by, mineral reaction equilibrium and kinetics, and triggers dynamic mechanical instability. Attention will be paid to controlling oxygen fugacity and minimizing water content during the experiments. It must be kept in mind the vast difference in scales between laboratory and subduction zone processes. The team will conduct comparison studies to examine AE source characteristics against those of DFEQs. Thermo-chemo-mechanical models will then be developed and evaluated based on experimental data and seismic observations, and large-scale subduction zone processes. Combining these approaches, the investigators anticipate a significant enhancement of our understanding of the mechanisms for DFEQs by establishing physical models for DFEQs whose testability and scalability can be further examined by computational simulations.