Morphological consequences of hybridization in primate and human evolution

杂交是一种植物或动物的两个不同物种或变种的后代。最近的遗传学证据表明，我们的原始人祖先与其他原始人群体进行了杂交，这在我们自己的进化历史中突显了杂交。如果在杂交骨骼和牙齿中存在可预测的模式，那么就有可能在人类化石记录中识别出杂交的证据，而人类化石的遗传数据并不总是可以恢复的。确定这种模式是否存在的一个好方法是研究与人类关系密切的物种的杂交骨骼形状。该项目将提供关于猕猴(猴子)群体杂交的比较数据，该群体不再扩大，因此随着单个动物的死亡，其大小正在减少。重要的是，由于印度猕猴和中国猕猴之间的杂交已经在这个群体中发生了多代，动物的差异从两个创始品种的高遗传贡献到只有一个品种的小遗传贡献的动物。原始人杂交种很可能有来自第二个原始人物种的很小的遗传贡献。在这个项目中收集的数据和获得的见解将涉及多个领域，包括人类学、灵长类动物学、生物学、动物学和数量遗传学。这项研究还将支持国际合作以及博士后和学生指导和培训。最近有证据表明，古人类谱系(尼安德特人、丹尼索瓦人、智人)之间的基因流动已将混血带入人类学和公共利益的前沿。这项研究将利用一种与人类关系密切的模式生物，制定检测混合物表型证据的原则性标准。加州国家灵长类动物研究中心将收集大约260只猕猴的骨骼和牙齿测量数据。这项研究将对杂交表型变异进行量化和建模，评估从表型数据中如何准确地识别杂种及其混合比例，并开发在其他分类群中检测杂交的策略。已知谱系的大的、分型的灵长类动物样本非常罕见。骨骼样本和相关数据将在加州大学戴维斯分校进行整理，并提供给其他研究人员，从而将样本的实用性扩展到几代科学家。

Hybrids are the offspring of two different species or varieties of a plant or animal. Recent genetic evidence suggesting that our hominin ancestors interbred with other hominin groups has highlighted hybridization in our own evolutionary past. If there are predictable patterns in hybrid skeletons and teeth, it might be possible to identify evidence of hybrids in the hominin fossil record, for which genetic data cannot always be recovered. A good way to determine whether such patterns exist is to study hybrid skeletal shape in species that are closely related to humans. This project will provide comparative data on hybridization in a colony of macaques (monkeys) that is no longer being expanded and is therefore declining in size as individual animals die. Importantly, because hybridization between Indian and Chinese macaques has occurred in this colony over multiple generations, animals vary from those having high genetic contributions from both of the founding varieties to those with only small genetic contributions from one of the varieties. Hominin hybrids are likely to have had a small genetic contribution from a second hominin species. The data collected and the insights gained in this project will be relevant across multiple fields, including anthropology, primatology, biology, zoology, and quantitative genetics. The study will also support international collaborations and postdoctoral and student mentoring and training.Recent evidence of gene flow among archaic human lineages (Neandertals, Denisovans, Homo sapiens) has brought admixture to the forefront of anthropological and public interest. This study will develop principled criteria for detecting phenotypic evidence of admixture, using a model organism that is closely related to humans. Skeletal and dental measurements will be collected for approximately 260 macaques from the California National Primate Research Center. The study will quantify and model hybrid phenotypic variation, evaluate how accurately hybrids can be identified and their admixture proportions estimated from phenotypic data, and develop strategies for detecting hybridization in other taxa. Large, genotyped primate samples of known pedigree are very rare. The skeletal sample and associated data will be curated at the University of California, Davis, and made available to other researchers, extending utility of the sample to generations of scientists.