Galaxies at Redshifts z~2: The Apex of Galaxy Formation

该项目的主要研究者和合作者将联合收割机结合三个复杂的计算机代码，以模拟红移约为2（约100亿年前）的星系的性质。这些代码是（1）Arepo，一个基于Voronoi镶嵌的非结构自适应网格流体动力学代码;（2）日出，一个蒙特卡罗辐射传输代码，计算从紫外到毫米波长的光谱能量分布，用于具有由散射和吸收调制的恒星和非热源的星系;和（3）Turtlebeach，一个类似的辐射传输代码，计算分子光谱线发射。该团队将使用这些耦合代码来创建一个孤立，进化和合并星系的流体动力学模拟库。然后，他们将通过半解析和数值方法获得的宇宙学合并速率和合并历史的估计来折叠由此产生的模型。这一战略将使人们有可能将几十秒差距尺度上的物理机制与大规模星系调查的观测结果联系起来。该项目的目标是：（1）为不同的高红移星系“动物园”建立一个物理上的统一模型，包括预计将在阿塔卡马大毫米阵列、詹姆斯韦伯太空望远镜和赫歇尔太空望远镜的深空观测中发现的星系群;（2）评估各种高红移星系群的宇宙学意义，确定宇宙恒星质量聚集和远红外背景的主要贡献者;（3）为观察者开发工具，红移星系和当地校准诊断的适用性的关键评估。该项目将支持一名博士后研究员和一名研究生，他们将由首席研究员指导和培训。提议者将在这些调查之前向社会公布阿尔马，JWST和赫歇尔深场的预期光度函数。他们还将进行一系列1小时的讲座，作为老年人继续教育计划的一部分。

The Principal Investigator and collaborators in this project will combine three sophisticated computer codes in order to simulate the properties of galaxies at redshifts around 2 (approximately 10 billion years ago). These codes are (1) Arepo, an unstructured-adaptive-mesh hydrodynamics code based on Voronoi tessellations; (2) Sunrise, a Monte Carlo radiative transfer code that calculates spectral energy distributions from ultraviolet to millimeter wavelengths for galaxies with stellar and nonthermal sources modulated by scattering and absorption; and (3) Turtlebeach, a similar radiative transfer code that calculates molecular spectral line emission. The team will use these coupled codes to create a library of hydrodynamic simulations of isolated, evolving, and merging galaxies. They will then fold the resulting models through estimates of cosmological merger rates and merging histories obtained through semi-analytic and numerical methods. This strategy will make it possible to connect physical mechanisms operating on scales of tens of parsecs to observations from large-scale galaxy surveys. The goals of the project are (1) to construct a physically motivated unified model for the diverse "zoo" of high redshift galaxies, including galaxy populations expected to be discovered in deep surveys by the Atacama Large Millimeter Array, the James Webb Space Telescope, and the Herschel Space Telescope; (2) to assess the cosmological significance of the various high redshift galaxy populations, and determine the dominant contributors to cosmic stellar mass assembly and the far infrared background; and (3) to develop tools for observers based on a physical understanding of high-redshift galaxies and a critical assessment of the applicability of locally-calibrated diagnostics. The project will support a postdoctoral researcher and a graduate student, who will be mentored and trained by the Principal Investigator. The proposers will make public for the community expected luminosity functions for ALMA, JWST and Herschel deep fields in advance of these surveys. They will also conduct a series of 1-hour lectures as part of a continuing education program for senior citizens.