Galaxies at Redshifts z~2: The Apex of Galaxy Formation

该项目的主要研究人员和合作者将结合三个复杂的计算机代码，以模拟红移约2(约100亿年前)的星系的性质。这些程序是(1)AREPO，一个基于Voronoi网格的非结构自适应网格流体动力学程序；(2)SunISE，一个蒙特卡罗辐射传输程序，计算恒星源和非热源受到散射和吸收调制的星系从紫外线到毫米波长的光谱能量分布；以及(3)Turtlebeatch，一个类似的计算分子谱线发射的辐射传输程序。该团队将使用这些耦合的代码来创建一个孤立、演化和合并的星系的流体动力学模拟库。然后，他们将通过估计宇宙合并率和通过半解析和数值方法获得的合并历史来折叠得到的模型。这一战略将使在数十秒尺度上运行的物理机制与大规模星系调查的观测联系起来成为可能。该项目的目标是(1)为高红移星系，包括预计将在阿塔卡马大毫米阵列、詹姆斯·韦伯空间望远镜和赫歇尔空间望远镜进行的深空探测中发现的星系群，建立一个受物理激励的统一模型；(2)评估各种高红移星系群的宇宙学意义，并确定对宇宙恒星质量聚集和远红外背景做出主要贡献的主要因素；以及(3)根据对高红移星系的物理理解和对局部校准诊断的适用性的关键评估，为观测者开发工具。该项目将支持一名博士后研究员和一名研究生，他们将由首席调查员进行指导和培训。提出者将在这些调查之前向公众公布ALMA、JWST和Herschel深部领域的预期光度函数。他们还将进行一系列1小时的讲座，作为老年人继续教育计划的一部分。

The Principal Investigator and collaborators in this project will combine three sophisticated computer codes in order to simulate the properties of galaxies at redshifts around 2 (approximately 10 billion years ago). These codes are (1) Arepo, an unstructured-adaptive-mesh hydrodynamics code based on Voronoi tessellations; (2) Sunrise, a Monte Carlo radiative transfer code that calculates spectral energy distributions from ultraviolet to millimeter wavelengths for galaxies with stellar and nonthermal sources modulated by scattering and absorption; and (3) Turtlebeach, a similar radiative transfer code that calculates molecular spectral line emission. The team will use these coupled codes to create a library of hydrodynamic simulations of isolated, evolving, and merging galaxies. They will then fold the resulting models through estimates of cosmological merger rates and merging histories obtained through semi-analytic and numerical methods. This strategy will make it possible to connect physical mechanisms operating on scales of tens of parsecs to observations from large-scale galaxy surveys. The goals of the project are (1) to construct a physically motivated unified model for the diverse "zoo" of high redshift galaxies, including galaxy populations expected to be discovered in deep surveys by the Atacama Large Millimeter Array, the James Webb Space Telescope, and the Herschel Space Telescope; (2) to assess the cosmological significance of the various high redshift galaxy populations, and determine the dominant contributors to cosmic stellar mass assembly and the far infrared background; and (3) to develop tools for observers based on a physical understanding of high-redshift galaxies and a critical assessment of the applicability of locally-calibrated diagnostics. The project will support a postdoctoral researcher and a graduate student, who will be mentored and trained by the Principal Investigator. The proposers will make public for the community expected luminosity functions for ALMA, JWST and Herschel deep fields in advance of these surveys. They will also conduct a series of 1-hour lectures as part of a continuing education program for senior citizens.