Finding Arcadia: Images of Arcadia in Classical Antiquity.

在古代，阿卡迪亚并不是我们现代的田园诗。对于希腊人和罗马人来说，这片土地有着非常模糊的特征。阿卡迪亚是希腊大陆上一个真实的、地理上可划定的地区，自荷马史诗时代以来，也存在着某种想象景观的刻板印象。阿卡迪亚可以是原始的典范，也可以是文明的典范——一个充满狼人和食人魔的邪恶的上古时代的地方，或者是一个古老的地方，那里的居民给人类带来了一些开创性的发明，人们可以自豪地将这些发明与各种历史背景联系起来。古代阿卡迪亚的形象不是一成不变的，而是根据主体的视角和时间位置（古典时代、希腊时代、帝国时期）而变化的。我的项目将追求这些变化，分析它们的形式、起源和背景，并比较和对比“阿卡迪亚”在希腊和罗马文化中的各种角色和功能。我分析的中心是阿卡迪亚自我形象及其特定的自我归属，这可以在文学资料中找到，尤其是在碑文和硬币等当地证据中找到。在此基础上，我将展示希腊世界是如何看待阿卡迪亚的，以及阿卡迪亚形象的地点、时期和途径对其他希腊人，尤其是雅典人来说是重要的。我还将分析外界的观点，并展示罗马人如何以及为什么能够找到“他们的阿卡迪亚”，尽管在空间、时间和语言上与原始的距离都很远。阿卡迪亚的古代形象将主要在神话中包含的文化自我理解中处理。正是在这里，过去被构建起来，并为政治上的现在结出硕果。根据不同的背景，希腊人和罗马人创造了异托邦、神话般的风景和各种想象中的阿卡迪亚斯，这些阿卡迪亚斯可以用作模型、可怕的景象，也可能是在具体的政治争端和声望竞争中渴望的形象。在古代世界的现实中——我们最近在包萨尼亚的《Periegesis》中看到了这一点——这些想象的风景对真实的阿卡迪亚产生了影响，外部的期望变得具体而明显。从不同角度对阿卡迪亚的古代图像进行系统分析，将使人们对景观的历史和居民的自我描述有新的发现。此外，这种分析将有助于更好地理解阿卡迪亚在希腊和罗马的接受情况。它将表明，阿卡迪亚是希腊人和罗马人自我形象的一个重要因素，因为谁找到了“他的”阿卡迪亚，首先是揭示了他自己。

In antiquity, Arcadia is not the pastoral idyll of our modern era. For Greeks and Romans this landscape had a highly ambiguous character. Alongside Arcadia as a real and geographically delineable area in the Greek mainland, ever since the time of the Homeric epic there also existed certain stereotypes of an imaginary landscape. Arcadia can be a paradigm of primitiveness or a model of civilization - a sinister antediluvian place with werewolves and ogres, or a venerable landscape whose inhabitants have given to mankind certain seminal inventions and which one can proudly correlate with various historical contexts. Ancient images of Arcadia were not constant but changed according to the subjects perspective and temporal placement (classical era, Hellenism, the imperial period). My project will pursue these changes, analyze their forms, origins and contexts, and compare and contrast the various roles and functions of 'Arcadia' in the Greek and Roman cultures. At the center of my analysis is the Arcadian self-image with its specific self- ascriptions, which are to be found in the literary sources and above all in local evidence such as inscriptions and coins. Building on this I will show just how Arcadia was perceived in the Greek world as well as what places, periods and pathways to the Arcadian images were of importance for the other Greeks, particularly the Athenians. I will also be analyzing the view from outside and showing how and why the Romans were able to find 'their Arcadia' despite spatial, temporal and linguistic distance from the original. Ancient images of Arcadia will be dealt with primarily within the cultural self- understanding entailed in myth. It is here that the past was constructed and made fruitful for the political present. Depending on the context, Greeks and Romans created heterotopias, mythical landscapes, and a variety of imaginary Arcadias that could be used as model, terrible visions, or possibly also as images of longing in concrete political disputes and contests of prestige. In the reality of the ancient world - and we see this, at latest, with Pausanias Periegesis - these imaginary landscapes have an impact on the real Arcadia, the external expectations becoming concretely apparent.This systematic analysis of ancient images of Arcadia from a variety of perspectives will allow for new findings regarding the history of a landscape and the self-depiction of its inhabitants. Moreover, this analysis will make a contribution to a greater understanding of the reception of Arcadia in Greece and Rome. It will show that Arcadia was an important factor in the self-image of the Greeks and Romans, for whoever finds 'his' Arcadia is above all revealing himself.