Finding Arcadia: Images of Arcadia in Classical Antiquity.

在古代，阿卡迪亚并不是我们现代的田园田园诗。对于希腊人和罗马人来说，这片土地具有高度模棱两可的特征。除了阿卡迪亚作为希腊本土一个真实的、地理上可描绘的地区外，自荷马史诗时代以来，也存在着对想象中的风景的某些刻板印象。阿卡迪亚可以是原始文明的典范，也可以是文明的典范--一个充满狼人和食人魔的邪恶的古老地方，或者是一个古老的景观，它的居民给人类带来了某些开创性的发明，人们可以自豪地将其与各种历史背景联系在一起。古代阿卡迪亚的形象并不是一成不变的，而是随着主体视角和时间位置(古典时代、希腊主义时期、帝国时期)而变化。我的项目将追寻这些变化，分析它们的形式、起源和背景，并比较和对比“阿卡迪亚”在希腊和罗马文化中的各种角色和功能。我分析的中心是阿卡迪亚人的自我形象及其具体的自我归属，这些可以在文学来源中找到，最重要的是在当地的证据中，如碑文和硬币。在此基础上，我将展示阿卡迪亚是如何在希腊世界中被感知的，以及阿卡迪亚图像的哪些地方、时期和路径对其他希腊人，特别是雅典人来说是重要的。我还将从外部分析这一观点，并展示罗马人如何以及为什么能够在空间、时间和语言上与原作相距甚远的情况下找到他们的阿卡迪亚。阿卡迪亚的古代图像将主要在神话中所包含的文化自我理解中进行处理。正是在这里，过去被构建起来，并为政治现在创造了丰硕的成果。根据不同的背景，希腊人和罗马人创造了异托邦、神话般的风景和各种想象中的阿卡迪亚，这些可以被用作典范、可怕的愿景，或者也可能被用作具体政治争端和声望之争中渴望的形象。在古代世界的现实中--我们最迟在Pausanias Periegesis中看到了这一点--这些想象中的风景对真实的阿卡迪亚产生了影响，外部期望变得具体明显。从不同的角度对阿卡迪亚的古代图像进行系统分析，将允许关于风景的历史和其居民的自我描绘的新发现。此外，这一分析将有助于更好地了解阿卡迪亚在希腊和罗马的接受情况。它将表明阿卡迪亚是希腊人和罗马人自我形象中的一个重要因素，因为无论是谁找到了他的阿卡迪亚，最重要的是揭示了他自己。

In antiquity, Arcadia is not the pastoral idyll of our modern era. For Greeks and Romans this landscape had a highly ambiguous character. Alongside Arcadia as a real and geographically delineable area in the Greek mainland, ever since the time of the Homeric epic there also existed certain stereotypes of an imaginary landscape. Arcadia can be a paradigm of primitiveness or a model of civilization - a sinister antediluvian place with werewolves and ogres, or a venerable landscape whose inhabitants have given to mankind certain seminal inventions and which one can proudly correlate with various historical contexts. Ancient images of Arcadia were not constant but changed according to the subjects perspective and temporal placement (classical era, Hellenism, the imperial period). My project will pursue these changes, analyze their forms, origins and contexts, and compare and contrast the various roles and functions of 'Arcadia' in the Greek and Roman cultures. At the center of my analysis is the Arcadian self-image with its specific self- ascriptions, which are to be found in the literary sources and above all in local evidence such as inscriptions and coins. Building on this I will show just how Arcadia was perceived in the Greek world as well as what places, periods and pathways to the Arcadian images were of importance for the other Greeks, particularly the Athenians. I will also be analyzing the view from outside and showing how and why the Romans were able to find 'their Arcadia' despite spatial, temporal and linguistic distance from the original. Ancient images of Arcadia will be dealt with primarily within the cultural self- understanding entailed in myth. It is here that the past was constructed and made fruitful for the political present. Depending on the context, Greeks and Romans created heterotopias, mythical landscapes, and a variety of imaginary Arcadias that could be used as model, terrible visions, or possibly also as images of longing in concrete political disputes and contests of prestige. In the reality of the ancient world - and we see this, at latest, with Pausanias Periegesis - these imaginary landscapes have an impact on the real Arcadia, the external expectations becoming concretely apparent.This systematic analysis of ancient images of Arcadia from a variety of perspectives will allow for new findings regarding the history of a landscape and the self-depiction of its inhabitants. Moreover, this analysis will make a contribution to a greater understanding of the reception of Arcadia in Greece and Rome. It will show that Arcadia was an important factor in the self-image of the Greeks and Romans, for whoever finds 'his' Arcadia is above all revealing himself.