Collaborative Research: Investigations of Wind-Driven Exchange and Long-Wave Modulation of Surface Fluxes Under Strong Wind Conditions Using OOI Data

海洋观测站倡议(OOI)是由美国国家科学基金会开发的，目的是在各种地点提供连续测量，以便前所未有地了解世界海洋和海洋大气环境。OOI的一个主要主题是海洋-大气交换，在OOI规划期间被确定为“对提高风暴预报和气候变化模型的预测能力至关重要”。该项目将使人们能够获得在中风到大风条件下，在OOI DC通量系泊处对通量、海浪和洋流进行的新的质量控制和连续的大风测量--这些数据将为评估这些预报模型以及支持OOI先锋、耐力和全球站点正在进行的和未来的进程研究打开新的窗口。该项目将利用这些观测结果来提高我们对大气、表面波场和底层海洋之间相互作用的详细了解，并测试、改进和验证参数，这些参数根据其他更容易观测或模拟的参数来估计至关重要的风应力。这项研究预计会产生更广泛的影响，包括对高中生进行STEM培训，增强OOI研究基础设施，以及增加学术界、工业界和联邦机构之间的伙伴关系。这些将通过以下方式实现：参与世界卫生组织的一项计划，旨在为高中生开发一门高级海洋学课程；开展专门的海洋调查通量数据开发活动，以支持利用这些平台进行更广泛的科学调查；向更广泛的研究界提供广受欢迎的大风条件现场测量数据集，包括风应力和浮力通量。这项研究将研究在中等到极端风速下驱动海浪和海流的动量的湍流交换。该项目的主要目标是：(1)验证和/或改进海气通量散体算法，该算法将中到高风速下的动量通量参数化，以减少由于在15-25m/S范围内缺乏测量而引起的不确定性；(2)利用OOI方向海浪谱数据和高速率共谱通量估计，开展过程研究以研究风浪反馈机制，以解决波龄、波浪陡度和方向差异(例如，风、浪和应力场之间的影响)的影响；以及(3)利用这些研究的总和，检验在大涡模拟和几个预报中心的数值风浪模拟活动中使用的地面通量的现有参数化。这项研究有望推进阻力系数参数的评估和改进，并基于物理论证和从连续的OOI测量中获得的见解来探索新的参数。这些参数的改进是开发海洋-波浪-大气耦合模式的关键组成部分。这一奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的智力优势和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

The Ocean Observatory Initiative (OOI) has been developed by NSF to provide continuous measurements at a wide variety of locations for unprecedented access to the world's oceans and marine atmospheric environment. A major theme of the OOI is Ocean-Atmosphere Exchange, which was identified during OOI planning as "critical to improving the predictive capabilities of storm forecasting and climate-change models." This project will allow access to new quality-controlled and continuous high-wind measurement of fluxes, waves and ocean currents at the OOI DC flux moorings under moderate to high wind conditions - data that should open new windows for evaluation of these forecast models as well as support for ongoing and future process studies at the OOI Pioneer, Endurance and Global sites. This project will take advantage of these observations to improve our detailed understanding of the interaction between the atmosphere, the surface wave field, and the underlying ocean, as well as to test, improve and validate parameterizations which estimate the critically important wind stress as a function of other, more easily observed or modeled parameters. Expected broader impacts from this research include STEM training of high school students, an enhancement to the OOI research infrastructure, and increased partnerships between academia, industry and federal agencies. These will be achieved through participation in a WHOI program aimed at developing a senior-level capstone course in Oceanography for high school students, dedicated OOI flux data development activities to support expanded science investigation using these platforms, and provision to the broader research community of widely sought after high-wind condition field measurement datasets including wind stress and buoyancy flux. This research will investigate the turbulent exchange of momentum that drives waves andcurrents at moderate to extreme wind speeds. The primary objectives of this project are (1) validateand/or improve bulk air-sea flux algorithms that parameterize the momentum flux at moderate to high wind speeds to reduce the uncertainty resulting from the scarcity of measurements in the 15-25 m/s range; (2) conduct process studies to investigate wind-wave feedback mechanisms that address the impact of wave-age, wave-steepness and directional differences (e.g., between the wind, wave and stress fields) using OOI directional wave spectral data and high-rate co-spectral flux estimates; and (3) use the sum of these investigations to test existing parameterizations of surface fluxes being employed in LES and numerical wind and wave modeling activities at several forecast centers. This study is expected to advance the evaluation and improvement of drag coefficient parameterizations and explore new ones based on physical arguments and insights gained from the continuous OOI measurements. The improvement of these parameterizations is a crucial component in the development of coupled ocean-wave-atmosphere models.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.