The Multi-Mission Maximum Likelihood Framework (3ML): a Tool to Explore the High-Energy Universe in the Era of Multi Messenger Astrophysics

现在，许多仪器使用不同的信使，包括光、光偏振、中微子、宇宙射线和引力波，在从无线电到高能伽马射线的波长范围内观测到天体物理源。从这些数据中提取洞察力目前非常困难，因为每个仪器都有自己的数据格式、软件和分析程序，每个都需要专门的知识和培训。多任务最大似然框架(3ML)解决了这一问题，允许使用所有可用的数据进行轻松建模，而不依赖于来源。每台仪器都提供了从数据到3ML的接口，而3ML优化了模型参数，以尽可能地匹配所有数据。该奖项支持3ML的继续发展，特别是通过HAWC加速可能性(HAL)，一个新的3ML组件，为高海拔水切伦科夫望远镜(HAWC)实现新的科学。该项目包括一些教程，旨在促进3ML用于多波长研究，面向本科生和研究生，让他们接触竞争性研究项目和天体物理学的基本问题。这项关于3ML和HAL的工作对于推动在几个关键科学问题上取得进展是必要的，这些关键科学问题包括：1)宇宙线加速，特别是超高能宇宙射线源的悬而未决的问题；2)通过伽马射线天空建模的暗物质湮灭截面；3)天体物理中微子的起源；4)引力波信号和伽马射线爆发的高能对应物；5)银河系外背景光，通过同时对多个源的光谱进行叠加分析。这一奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的智力优势和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

Astrophysical sources are now observed by many instruments at wavelengths from radio to high-energy gamma-rays, and using different messengers, including light, light polarization, neutrinos, cosmic rays, and gravitational waves. Extracting insight from these data is currently very difficult because each instrument has its own data format, software, and analysis procedure, each requiring specialized knowledge and training. The Multi-Mission Maximum Likelihood framework (3ML) solves this issue, allowing easy modeling using all available data, independent of origin. Each instrument provides an interface from their data to 3ML, while 3ML optimizes model parameters to match all of the data as well as possible. This award supports the continued development of 3ML, focusing in particular on enabling new science for the High-Altitude Water Cerenkov telescope (HAWC) through the HAWC Accelerated Likelihood (HAL), a new 3ML component. The project includes tutorials to promote the use of 3ML for multi-wavelength study, targeting undergraduate and graduate students and exposing them to competitive research projects and fundamental questions in astrophysics.This work on 3ML and HAL is necessary to enable progress on several key scientific questions, such as: 1) cosmic ray acceleration, and in particular the open question of the source of ultra-high-energy Cosmic Rays; 2) dark matter annihilation cross sections through the modeling of the gamma-ray sky; 3) the origin of astrophysical neutrinos; 4) high-energy counterparts to gravitational wave signals and gamma-ray bursts; and 5) the extra-Galactic background light, by a stacking analysis of the spectra of many sources simultaneously.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.