Citizenship by Consternation? Normative Democracy Orientations within the Context of Public Participation in Urban Planning in Germany and Switzerland

在城市，市政当局、私人规划办公室和投资者往往组织参与性进程。新的和直接的公众参与形式正在城市规划中发挥越来越大的作用。其中包括关于未来发展的讲习班和其他活动，公民可以在这些活动中提出他们的要求。这些讨论论坛针对公民的不同期望，以获得对公共空间规划和塑造的更直接影响，不同社会群体越来越多地对此提出质疑。参与大型城市项目的新形式代表了不同的参与和民主规范思想的焦点。因此，本研究将以这些为出发点，分析市民和政治秩序的观念变化，探讨市政当局如何对待市民的参与，以及在这一过程的制度框架中，市民应发挥何种作用。此外，本研究的目的是产生一个类型学的不同的文化模式的参与公民方面的民主，形成的政治意愿和政治秩序的背景下，不断变化的政治决策过程中的城市。因此，该项目的成果有助于从社会学和文化角度更深入地了解政治结构的变化。比较德国和瑞士这两个国家的城市应该有助于确定不同民主模式的影响及其各自的制度条件。此外，比较允许重建的民主和自由的传统信念的差异，考虑到城市的作用日益增加，其快速变化和它的充分解决问题的新途径的搜索方面。参与公民的解释模式和道德观念是不断变化的政治文化的要素。因此，将对参与选定的城市项目的公民进行非标准化访谈，这些项目采用直接参与的形式。将根据适当的城市管理文件，分析市政当局和机构环境对待公民的方式。我们将选择参与城市项目的形式，这些项目对城市的发展非常重要，并且在规划过程中，关于空间未来用途的可能整合或排斥过程变得越来越明显。

In cities, ever more often municipal authorities, but also private planning offices and investors organize participative processes. New and direct forms of public participation are playing an increasing role in urban planning. These include workshops on future development and other events, in which citizens may present their requests. Those discussion forums address different expectations of the citizens to obtain a more direct influence on the planning and the shaping of the public space, which is more and more contested by different social groups. The new forms of participation in larger urban projects are representing a focal point for different normative ideas of participation and democracy. Therefore, this research project will use them as a starting point for the analysis of changing concepts of the citizen and the political order.The research project asks how municipal authorities address the citizens to participate and which role is attributed to them by the institutional frame of the process. Besides, the aim of this research is to generate a typology of different cultural patterns on the side of the participating citizens concerning democracy, the forming of the political will and the political order in the context of a changing political decision making process in the city. The results of the project can thus contribute to a deeper sociological and cultural understanding of the structural changes in politics. Comparing cities in the two countries Germany and Switzerland should help to identify the influence of different models of democracy and their respective institutional conditions. Furthermore the comparison allows reconstructing the differences in traditional beliefs about democracy and freedom, considering the aspect of an increasing role of the city, its rapid changes and its search of new ways for solving problems adequately. Patterns of interpretation and moral concepts of the participating citizens are elements of a changing political culture. Therefore, non-standardized interviews will be conducted with citizens involved in selected urban projects where direct forms of participation are used. The way in which the municipal authorities and the institutional settings address the citizens will be analyzed based on appropriate documents of urban administration. We will choose forms of participation in urban projects that are very important for the development of a city and where possible integration or exclusion processes with regard to the future uses of the space are becoming apparent in the planning process.