Collaborative Research: Impacts of surface ocean surfactant sources and transformations on their chemical composition and air-sea relevant properties

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The surface microlayer (SML), the thin layer of water at the interface between the ocean and the atmosphere, controls the exchange of materials to and from the ocean. As a result, it can profoundly influence biogeochemical cycles and global climate. One type of chemical species that accumulates at this interface are surfactant molecules, which influence the surface tension of and the rate of material exchange at air-water interfaces. Biological and chemical production and degradation processes represent surfactant sources and removal pathways, but the relative importance of those processes for determining surfactant quantities and molecular composition remains unclear. Similarly, the relationship between surfactant molecule composition and surface tension at the air-water interface has not been established. As a result, their effects on material exchange at the interface cannot currently be predicted. This work will use measurements at sea, laboratory experiments, and high-resolution analyses to measure the chemical and physical characteristics of surfactants and their properties at the air-sea interface. An improved understanding of surfactant processes and surface ocean will benefit society by improving our understanding of the exchange of climate-relevant gases and particles. Two early career PIs will advance their established collaboration and gain further experience leading research projects and mentoring students. Students will receive valuable hands-on training in oceanographic field collections, state-of-the-science analytical techniques, data interpretation, and data dissemination. The results and methodologies from this work will be featured in courses at the University of Georgia and the University of Delaware and will be developed into content for K-12 students, enhancing infrastructure for education. This work includes the unique pairing of state-of-the-science measurements across time and spatial scales to assess the influence of oceanographic processes on surfactant chemical composition and physical air-sea relevant properties. SML and subsurface waters will be collected from estuarine, coastal ocean, and open ocean sites during high and low productivity conditions to establish surfactant molecular characteristics over a range of space, time, and ocean biological activity. The effects of light will be assessed via diurnal sampling efforts and laboratory experiments. Samples will be analyzed for their detailed chemical, biological, and physical characteristics. The surface tension of the SML is expected to be inversely correlated with the abundance of lipid-like compounds (low O content, high H/C ratios, e.g., sulfur-containing lipids) produced during periods of high biological activity. Prolonged exposure to light is hypothesized to result in photo-oxidation of surfactant compounds, higher abundances of oxygenated and lower molecular weight aliphatic compounds, and increased surface tension. Multivariate statistical approaches will be used to reveal a mechanistic understanding of the links between biological and photochemical processes and the resulting surfactant and SML chemical and physical characteristics. This new knowledge will represent a first step toward improved models of the air-sea exchange of climate relevant gases which currently have large uncertainties. It will inform future work on the exchange of volatile and aerosol organics with significant potential impacts for our understanding of the climate system.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.