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Visibility, type of masking, prime duration and task as determinants of effects of masked stimuli

可见性、掩蔽类型、黄金持续时间和任务作为掩蔽刺激效果的决定因素

基本信息

批准号：
252287650
负责人：
Professor Dr. Uwe F. Mattler
金额：
--
依托单位：
Abteilung für Experimentelle Psychologie
依托单位国家：
德国
项目类别：
Research Grants
财政年份：
2014
资助国家：
德国
起止时间：
2013-12-31 至 2018-12-31
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/252287650?language=en
关键词：
Visibility type masking prime duration

项目摘要

Recent theories state that consciousness is related to the integration and accessibility of information. From this it follows that mental functions exist which do not operate at all or at least operate in an impaired way when consciousness is impaired. More specifically, processing of simple (non-integrated) stimulus features should be independent from consciousness whereas semantic processing of complex (integrated) features should increase with an increasing consciousness of the stimuli. A series of empirical reports support this view. Thus, early perceptual or motor priming effects do not depend on the prime visibility whereas semantic priming effects seem to depend on prime visibility. However, in many studies the manipulation of prime visibility has been confounded with the duration of the primes because trials with short and long prime durations have been compared as unconscious and conscious conditions, respectively. Additionally, semantic studies most often used pattern masking which might produce an artificial correlation between priming effects and prime visibility. Independence of motor priming effects and visibility has been reported frequently from studies that used metacontrast masking. And indeed, our pilot studies show that semantic and motor priming effects depend on prime visibility when pattern masking is used, but not with metacontrast masking. Beyond this, the relation between priming effects and prime visibility could also depend on the processing of the primes which is needed to generate priming effects. The planned project comprises 13 experiments which systematically compare the effects of three different masking procedures (pattern masking, metacontrast, and crowding) when the same stimuli are used in different tasks. Within each experiment, prime visibility is varied by masks of a specific type but with different masking strength and the relationship between priming effects and visibility is recorded. If the processing of the primes in a certain task depends on consciousness of the primes the priming effect should also depend on prime visibility. To grasp also discontinuous relationships, the time that is given to the prime to generate its effects is varied. Functional magnetic resonance imaging is used to examine whether the prime induced cortical activation at later levels of processing in the visual hierarchy is systematically determined by the type of masking procedure used. In this way the expansion of the effects of masked stimuli in the brain and the loci of masking can be directly investigated. The studies of this project contribute to confine the search for the function of consciousness and to improve our understanding of the mechanisms that produce priming effects and the different types of masking effects.

最近的理论表明，意识与信息的整合和获取有关。由此可以得出，当意识受损时，存在着根本不运作或至少以受损方式运作的心理功能。更具体地说，简单（非整合）刺激特征的加工应该独立于意识，而复杂（整合）特征的语义加工应该随着刺激意识的增加而增加。一系列实证报告支持这一观点。因此，早期知觉或运动启动效应不依赖于启动可见性，而语义启动效应似乎依赖于启动可见性。然而，在许多研究中，对启动可见性的操纵与启动持续时间相混淆，因为具有短启动持续时间和长启动持续时间的试验分别被比较为无意识和有意识条件。此外，语义研究通常使用模式掩蔽，这可能会在启动效应和启动可见性之间产生人为的相关性。运动启动效应和可见性的独立性在使用对比掩蔽的研究中经常被报道。事实上，我们的初步研究表明，当使用模式掩蔽时，语义和运动启动效应取决于启动可见性，而不是元对比掩蔽。除此之外，启动效应与启动可见性之间的关系还可能取决于产生启动效应所需的启动处理。计划中的项目包括13个实验，这些实验系统地比较了在不同任务中使用相同刺激时三种不同掩蔽程序（模式掩蔽、元对比和拥挤）的效果。在每个实验中，不同类型的掩模和不同的掩模强度会改变初始能见度，并记录启动效应与能见度之间的关系。如果某一任务中启动的加工取决于启动的意识，那么启动效应也应该取决于启动的可见性。为了掌握不连续的关系，给予质数产生效果的时间是变化的。功能性磁共振成像用于检查在视觉层次的后期加工水平上，启动诱发的皮层激活是否由所使用的掩蔽程序类型系统地决定。通过这种方式，可以直接研究大脑中掩蔽刺激效应的扩展和掩蔽位点。该项目的研究有助于限制对意识功能的探索，并提高我们对产生启动效应和不同类型掩蔽效应的机制的理解。