Collaborative Research: Investigating the relationship between size and the balance between carbon acquisition modes in mixotrophic protists

水生系统中的微型浮游生物传统上被归类为浮游植物或浮游动物。然而，越来越多的研究证明，相当大一部分浮游生物属于第三类，即混合营养生物，它们可以利用光合作用和猎物摄取来获得维持生长所需的资源。由于研究混合营养物的方法学挑战，生物海洋学家对混合营养物的活动及其在水生食物网中的作用知之甚少。在这个项目中，研究人员正在评估混合营养生物的细胞大小如何与它们对光合作用和猎物摄取营养的依赖关系。在浮游植物中，大小被认为是一个“主要特征”，因为它影响新陈代谢过程、生长速度、细胞组成和养分吸收动力学。虽然在一些数值模型中，细胞大小已被用来限制混合营养活性，但细胞大小与营养获取模式平衡之间的函数关系尚未得到经验建立。作为更广泛影响的一部分，所有项目调查人员都参加了海洋碳和生物地球化学混合营养工作组。该项目团队包括早期职业研究人员，并通过已建立的本科生研究经验(REU)计划为一名博士后科学家、研究生和多名本科生提供培训。最后，教育外展包括与科学教师专业发展计划合作，提供体验式科学课程和设备包，用于在课堂和户外教授海洋科学。混合养殖体同时从光合作用和摄取中获得碳，但每种营养模式对单个生物体的贡献很少被同时测量。关于每种营养模式的贡献如何在物种之间和/或随着生长限制因素的变化而不同，人们知之甚少。研究人员正在对8种混合营养菌进行培养实验，以测量在一系列环境条件下从两种营养获取模式获得的碳的比例。利用尖端的同位素标记方法，研究人员正在评估混合营养生物之间的细胞大小和营养策略之间的关系，从而有可能对海洋生态系统中的碳转移和转化有新的、普遍的理解。混养生物的大小和它们的两种营养模式之间的关系可能会改变生物海洋学家在细胞和群落水平上对混合营养生物的理解，提高海洋生态系统模型的准确性，并能够更准确地预测浮游生物群落和生物地球化学循环将如何随着海洋条件的变化而改变。这一奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的智力优势和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

Microplankton in aquatic systems have traditionally been categorized as phytoplankton or zooplankton. However, a growing body of research has documented that a substantial portion of plankton belongs to a third group, mixotrophs, that can use both photosynthesis and prey ingestion to obtain resources necessary to maintain growth. Biological oceanographers have a poor understanding of mixotrophs’ activity and their role in the aquatic food web due to the methodological challenges of studying them. In this project, the investigators are assessing how mixotrophs’ cell size relates to their dependence on photosynthesis and prey ingestion for nutrient acquisition. Among phytoplankton, size is considered a “master trait” because it impacts metabolic processes, growth rates, cellular composition, and nutrient uptake kinetics. While size has been used to constrain mixotrophic activity in some numerical models, the functional relationship between cell size and the balance of nutrient acquisition modes has not yet been empirically established. As part of broader impacts, all project investigators are participating in an Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry (OCB) mixotrophy working group. The project team includes early career investigators and is providing training to a postdoctoral scientist, graduate student, and multiple undergraduates through an established research experience for undergraduates (REU) program. Finally, educational outreach includes collaboration with a professional development program for science teachers, providing experiential science curricula and equipment kits for teaching ocean science in the classroom and outdoors. Mixotrophs obtain carbon from photosynthesis and ingestion simultaneously but the contribution from each nutrient mode to an individual organism is rarely measured simultaneously. Less is known about how the contribution of each nutrient mode differs between species and or with changes in growth-limiting factors. The investigators are conducting incubation experiments with eight species of mixotrophs to measure the proportion of carbon obtained from both nutrient acquisition modes across a range of environmental conditions. Using cutting-edge isotopic labelling methods, the investigators are assessing the relationship between cell size and trophic strategy among mixotrophs, with the potential for new, generalized understanding of carbon transfer and transformation in marine ecosystems. A relationship between mixotroph size and their two nutrient modes could transform biological oceanographers’ understanding of mixotrophs at the cellular and community levels, improve the accuracy of ocean ecosystem models, and enable more accurate predictions of how plankton communities and biogeochemical cycling will be altered with changing ocean conditions.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.