Leveraging a Zooniverse Discovery to Bridge Our Understanding of Low- and High-mass Star Formation

大多数恒星形成在称为星团的群体中，其中包含大小和质量非常不同的恒星。天文学家希望了解只有一些星团形成大质量恒星的原因，这些恒星的质量是我们太阳的八倍以上。星团中恒星的质量对星团随时间的变化起着重要的作用。例如，大质量恒星通过强烈的恒星风和超新星影响其周围环境。因此，了解决定恒星形成质量的条件对于了解星系形成和随时间变化的方式非常重要。这个项目将解决这样一个问题：“气体云的什么性质会影响星团中恒星的质量？”为了做到这一点，该项目研究了被称为黄球（YBs）的物体，这些物体最初是由公民科学项目的参与者发现的。研究团队开发了一项活动，为天文学入门学生提供了一种为项目做出贡献并获得有意义的研究经验的方式。通过对教堂、礼拜场所、天文馆和媒体的宣传，将向不同的公众宣传该项目的发现。调查人员将使用由银河项目用户在Zooniverse平台上识别的6,000多个YB的数据库。YB是年轻恒星形成区（SFR）的路标，其质量（10 - 10，000太阳质量）和光度（10- 1，000，000太阳光度）范围很广。YBs揭示了许多在现有目录中缺失的SFR，这些目录往往偏向于最大质量和/或最明亮的区域。研究人员将通过交叉匹配YB与星星形成的目录来制作YB属性的目录;从分子云协会确定YB的距离;从目录协会和我们导出的距离确定YB环境的物理属性;并进行多波长红外（IR）测光。 通过统计分析、光谱能量分布建模和机器学习技术的应用，将确定YB颜色、物理特性和分类之间的趋势。这项研究将阐明描绘产生和不产生大质量恒星的环境的物理阈值，并可能另外提供一种变革性的方法来分类SFR的亮度，质量，该项目由天文学和天体物理学赠款计划和刺激竞争性研究的既定计划（EPSCoR）共同资助。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

Most stars form in groups called clusters, which contain stars of very different sizes and masses. Astronomers wish to understand the reasons that only some clusters form massive stars, which have masses more than eight times that of our Sun. The masses of stars in a cluster play an important role in how the cluster changes over time. For example, massive stars influence their surroundings with strong stellar winds and supernovae. Understanding the conditions that dictate the masses of forming stars is therefore important for understanding the ways that galaxies form and change over time. This project will address the question, “what properties of a gas cloud influence the masses of stars that will form in a cluster?” To do so, the project studies objects known as yellow-balls (YBs), which were first discovered by participants in a citizen-science project. The research team has developed an activity that provides introductory astronomy students with a way to contribute to the project and gain meaningful research experience. Outreach to seminaries, places of worship, planetaria, and media outlets will educate diverse public audiences about the findings from this project.The investigators will use a database of over 6,000 YBs identified by users of the Milky Way Project on the Zooniverse platform. YBs are signposts of young star-forming regions (SFRs) that trace a broad range of mass (10 – 10,000 solar masses) and luminosity (10–1,000,000 solar luminosities). YBs reveal many SFRs that are missing in existing catalogs, which tend to be biased towards the most massive and/or luminous regions. The investigators will produce a catalog of YB properties by cross-matching YBs with catalogs of star formation; determining distances to YBs from molecular cloud associations; determining physical properties of YB environments from catalog associations and our derived distances; and conducting multi-wavelength infrared (IR) photometry. Trends between YB colors, their physical properties, and their classifications will be identified through statistical analyses, modeling of spectral energy distributions, and the application of machine learning techniques. This research will elucidate the physical thresholds that delineate environments that do and do not produce massive stars and may additionally provide a transformative approach to classifying SFRs across the luminosity, mass, and age spectrum using only IR fluxes.This project is jointly funded by the Astronomy and Astrophysics Grants program and the Established Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCoR).This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.