SBE-UKRI: Cumulative Civilian Harm

SBE-UKRI：累积平民伤害

• 批准号: 2336310
• 负责人: Anna Cave
• 金额: $ 60万
• 依托单位: Georgetown University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 2023
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2023-11-01 至 2026-10-31
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=2336310&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: SBE; UKRI; Cumulative; Civilian; Harm

This project will illuminate and seek to rectify a critical blindspot in international humanitarian law governing armed conflict. International humanitarian law focuses on whether civilian harms are “excessive” in each individual attack, but fails to account for cumulative civilian harm over the course of a conflict both with respect to civilian harm across many attacks, as well as the aggregate and emergent effects of prolonged exposure to armed conflict. One of the key anticipated intellectual merits of this project is the development of a new standard of “strategic proportionality” that should apply in addition to current international humanitarian law requirements, according to which belligerents must balance cumulative civilian harm against their clearly defined strategic objectives. In addition, the research will illuminate how decision-makers and conflict-affected populations currently think about cumulative civilian harm. Through this research, the project will deepen understanding of how those who use force and are affected by it view civilian protection under international humanitarian law. The research ideally will culminate in the articulation of a civilian-centered, action-guiding legal and policy framework to govern cumulative civilian harm. Excessive civilian harm in war is often a result of non-compliance with the laws of war, yet it can also stem from international law’s failure to account for cumulative civilian harm. Legal experts have argued that total civilian casualty numbers do not determine whether military operations are lawful and that many harmful effects of war are beyond the reach of law. This project is animated by a belief that international law should not be silent on these issues. It responds to requests from senior political and military practitioners from different countries who have reached out to stress the urgent need for action-guiding rules on cumulative civilian harm. The research will focus on four key work products: (1) desk research into case, treaty law, and military manuals, along with a systematic review of existing scholarship; (2) interviews with former and current senior military and political decision-makers to determine if and how cumulative civilian harm is considered in decision-making; (3) field research via survey experiments in conflict zones to determine attitudes towards cumulative civilian harm; and (4) development of a legal and policy framework to enable political decision-makers to account for cumulative civilian harm.This proposal is awarded under the SBE-UKRI Lead Agency Opportunity.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

该项目将阐明并设法纠正关于武装冲突的国际人道主义法中的一个关键盲点。国际人道主义法关注的是每次袭击中平民的伤害是否“过度”，但没有考虑到冲突过程中平民的累积伤害，既包括多次袭击造成的平民伤害，也包括长期处于武装冲突中的累积和紧急影响。这一项目预期的主要知识价值之一是制定了一个新的“战略相称性”标准，该标准应在现行国际人道主义法要求之外适用，根据现行国际人道主义法要求，交战方必须在累积的平民伤害与其明确界定的战略目标之间取得平衡。此外，该研究还将阐明决策者和受冲突影响的人口目前如何看待累积的平民伤害。通过这项研究，该项目将加深对那些使用武力和受其影响的人如何看待国际人道主义法规定的平民保护的理解。理想的情况是，这项研究最终将阐明一个以苏丹为中心、指导行动的法律的和政策框架，以管理累积的平民伤害。战争中过度的平民伤害往往是不遵守战争法的结果，但也可能源于国际法未能考虑到累积的平民伤害。法律的专家认为，平民伤亡总数并不能决定军事行动是否合法，战争的许多有害影响超出了法律的范围。这一项目的动力来自一种信念，即国际法不应对这些问题保持沉默。 它回应了来自不同国家的高级政治和军事工作者的请求，他们主动强调迫切需要制定关于累积平民伤害的行动指导规则。这项研究将侧重于四项主要工作成果：（1）对案例、条约法和军事手册进行案头研究，沿着对现有学术研究进行系统审查;（2）与前任和现任高级军事和政治决策者进行访谈，以确定在决策中是否以及如何考虑累积的平民伤害;（3）通过在冲突地区进行调查实验进行实地研究，以确定对平民受到的累积伤害的态度;以及（4）制定法律的和政策框架，以便作出政治决定-该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。