The formation of feudo-vassallitic institutions in the 12th and 13th century?Words, concepts, phenomena in learned law, in royal charters and in private acts

对老年人宪法历史的普遍先入为主的看法仍然声称，封建主义塑造了中世纪自由人的社会互动。此外，认为中世纪社会是通过等级制度构建的信念仍然活跃，这种等级制度可以被设想为国王、主教、王子和较不自由的人之间的封建封建金字塔--附庸关系。然而，最近的研究已经开始质疑封建主义对中世纪早期和晚期宪政历史的意义。有理由说，关于封建所有制是什么时候开始存在的，或者这种现象是否存在，目前还没有达成共识。然而，目前的研究确实发现了类似于1150-1250年间中世纪罗马帝国的封建主义现象。拟议的项目旨在分析在最近的辩论中提出的这种在中世纪晚期形成的封建主义。直到今天，还缺乏能够探索这种封建制度形成的基础研究：因此，该项目侧重于对1150至1250年间封建词语和概念的书面表现进行全面研究。这项研究将包括对意大利北部所写的法律文本(封建习俗)的分析，这些文本至今仍被封建史研究忽视；此外，它还将考虑处理费多与封建关系的宪章。在本研究项目的范围内，三个相互关联的分项目将旨在澄清：1.文字记录是否支持有关时期封建主义形成的理论；2.意大利北部新出现的法理学和封建专著对重新构建社会纽带的看法产生了什么影响；3.是否以及如果是，现有的土地授予做法受到这一发展的影响。为了实现所有这些目标，必须澄清新兴学院派法学是如何定义封建法的，以及这种学院派封建法最初是由什么构成的。为了显示习俗封建主义对帝国发展的影响，《习俗》的文本也需要编辑(分项目A)。此外，将使用语料库语言学的方法分析12世纪和13世纪的帝国宪章；这将与德国历史纪念碑(慕尼黑)和计算历史语义学项目(法兰克福)密切合作，以便能够呈现和展示封建词语和概念的发展(分项目B)。除了这些项目外，还将对班贝里王子主教的私人宪章进行分析，说明上述封建概念的实际执行情况(分项目C)。

Widespread preconceptions of elder constitutional history still claim that feudalism shaped the social interaction of free men during the Middle Ages. In addition, the belief that medieval society was structured via a hierarchy which could be envisioned as a feudal pyramid of feudo-vassalitic relationships between kings, bishops, princes, and lesser free men still remains active as well. However, more recent research has begun to question the significance of feudalism for the constitutional history of the Early and High Middle Ages. It is justified to claim that there is no consensus at the moment as to when a system of feudal tenure came into existence or whether such a phenomenon existed at all. Nevertheless, current research does identify phenomena akin to feudalism in the medieval Roman Empire during the period of 1150-1250. The proposed project aims at analyzing this formation of feudalism in the High Middle Ages as it has been suggested during the recent debate. Until today, there is a lack of fundamental research that allows the exploration of this formation of feudal systems: the project, therefore, focuses on a comprehensive study of written manifestations of feudal words and concepts from the time between1150 and 1250. The study will include an analysis of jurisprudential texts written in northern Italy (Consuetudines feudorum) which have been ignored by the research of feudal history until today; in addition, it will also take charters dealing with feudo-vassalitic relations into account. Within the scope of the present research project, three interlocking sub-projects will aim to clarify: 1. if the written records support the theory of a formation of feudalism in the period in question; 2. what influence the emerging jurisprudence of northern Italy and feudal treatises had in re-structuring the perception of social bonds; 3. Whether, and if so, to what extent existing practices of granting land were influenced by this development. In order to reach all of these objectives it must be clarified how the emerging scholastic jurisprudence defined feudal law and what constituted this scholastic feudal law in the first place. In order to show the influence of the Consuetudines feudorum on the development in the Empire, the text of the Consuetudines also needs to be edited (sub-project A). In addition, the imperial charters of the 12th and 13th century will be analyzed employing methods of corpus linguistics; this will be approached in close collaboration with the Monumenta Germaniae Historica (Munich) and the project Computational Historical Semantics (Frankfurt) in order to be able to present and demonstrate the development of feudal words and concepts (sub-project B). These projects will be complemented by an analysis of private charters from the prince-bishopric of Bamberg which will demonstrate the practical implementation of the aforementioned feudal concepts (sub-project C).