The formation of feudo-vassallitic institutions in the 12th and 13th century?Words, concepts, phenomena in learned law, in royal charters and in private acts

对早期宪政历史的普遍先入为主的看法仍然声称，封建制度塑造了中世纪自由人的社会交往。此外，中世纪社会是由等级制度构成的，可以想象成国王、主教、王子和较小的自由人之间封建-附庸关系的封建金字塔，这种信念仍然很活跃。然而，最近的研究已经开始质疑封建制度在中世纪早期和中世纪盛期的宪政史上的意义。我们有理由声称，对于封建制度是何时产生的，或者这种现象是否存在，目前还没有达成共识。然而，目前的研究确实发现了类似于1150-1250年间中世纪罗马帝国封建制度的现象。拟议的项目旨在分析中世纪盛期封建制度的形成，因为它在最近的辩论中被提出。直到今天，还缺乏能够探索封建制度形成的基础研究：因此，该项目侧重于对1150年至1250年间封建词汇和概念的书面表现进行全面研究。该研究将包括对意大利北部的法学文本的分析，直到今天，这些文本一直被封建历史的研究所忽视；此外，它还将考虑处理封藩关系的宪章。在本研究项目的范围内，三个相互关联的子项目将旨在澄清：1。是否有书面记录支持该时期封建制度形成的理论；2. 意大利北部新兴的法理学和封建论著对社会纽带观念的重构有何影响；3. 是否，如果有，现有的批地做法在多大程度上受到这一发展的影响？为了达到所有这些目标，必须澄清新兴的学院派法学是如何定义封建法的，以及最初是什么构成了这种学院派封建法。为了展示《封建法典》对帝国发展的影响，还需要对《封建法典》的文本进行编辑（子项目A）。此外，还将运用语料库语言学的方法对12世纪和13世纪的诏书进行分析；这将与德国历史纪念碑（慕尼黑）和计算历史语义学项目（法兰克福）密切合作，以便能够展示和展示封建词汇和概念的发展（子项目B）。这些项目将辅以对班贝格亲王教区私人宪章的分析，这将显示上述封建概念的实际执行情况（分项目C）。

Widespread preconceptions of elder constitutional history still claim that feudalism shaped the social interaction of free men during the Middle Ages. In addition, the belief that medieval society was structured via a hierarchy which could be envisioned as a feudal pyramid of feudo-vassalitic relationships between kings, bishops, princes, and lesser free men still remains active as well. However, more recent research has begun to question the significance of feudalism for the constitutional history of the Early and High Middle Ages. It is justified to claim that there is no consensus at the moment as to when a system of feudal tenure came into existence or whether such a phenomenon existed at all. Nevertheless, current research does identify phenomena akin to feudalism in the medieval Roman Empire during the period of 1150-1250. The proposed project aims at analyzing this formation of feudalism in the High Middle Ages as it has been suggested during the recent debate. Until today, there is a lack of fundamental research that allows the exploration of this formation of feudal systems: the project, therefore, focuses on a comprehensive study of written manifestations of feudal words and concepts from the time between1150 and 1250. The study will include an analysis of jurisprudential texts written in northern Italy (Consuetudines feudorum) which have been ignored by the research of feudal history until today; in addition, it will also take charters dealing with feudo-vassalitic relations into account. Within the scope of the present research project, three interlocking sub-projects will aim to clarify: 1. if the written records support the theory of a formation of feudalism in the period in question; 2. what influence the emerging jurisprudence of northern Italy and feudal treatises had in re-structuring the perception of social bonds; 3. Whether, and if so, to what extent existing practices of granting land were influenced by this development. In order to reach all of these objectives it must be clarified how the emerging scholastic jurisprudence defined feudal law and what constituted this scholastic feudal law in the first place. In order to show the influence of the Consuetudines feudorum on the development in the Empire, the text of the Consuetudines also needs to be edited (sub-project A). In addition, the imperial charters of the 12th and 13th century will be analyzed employing methods of corpus linguistics; this will be approached in close collaboration with the Monumenta Germaniae Historica (Munich) and the project Computational Historical Semantics (Frankfurt) in order to be able to present and demonstrate the development of feudal words and concepts (sub-project B). These projects will be complemented by an analysis of private charters from the prince-bishopric of Bamberg which will demonstrate the practical implementation of the aforementioned feudal concepts (sub-project C).