The formation of feudo-vassallitic institutions in the 12th and 13th century?Words, concepts, phenomena in learned law, in royal charters and in private acts

对旧宪法历史的普遍偏见仍然认为封建制度塑造了中世纪自由人的社会互动。此外，中世纪社会是通过等级制度构建的，这种等级制度可以被想象为国王、主教、王子和较不自由的人之间封建附庸关系的封建金字塔，这种信仰仍然很活跃。然而，最近的研究开始质疑封建制度对中世纪早期和中世纪盛期宪政史的重要性。有理由说，目前对于封建占有制度是何时形成的，或者这种现象是否存在，没有达成共识。然而，目前的研究确实发现了类似于中世纪罗马帝国1150-1250年期间封建主义的现象。拟议的项目旨在分析这种封建主义在中世纪盛期的形成，正如最近的辩论中所建议的那样。直到今天，还缺乏基础研究来探索封建制度的形成：因此，该项目侧重于对1150年至1250年期间封建词语和概念的书面表现进行全面研究。这项研究将包括对北方意大利（Consuetudines feudorum）所写的审慎文本的分析，这些文本一直被封建历史研究所忽视，直到今天;此外，它还将考虑处理封建-附庸关系的宪章。在本研究项目的范围内，三个相互关联的子项目将旨在澄清：1。（一）文字记载是否支持封建制度形成论;北方意大利的新兴法学和封建论著在重构社会纽带观念方面有何影响; 3.现有的批地做法是否受到这一发展的影响，如果受到影响，影响的程度如何。为了实现所有这些目标，必须澄清新兴的经院法学如何界定封建法，以及这种经院封建法首先是由什么构成的。为了显示封建执政官对帝国发展的影响，执政官的文本也需要编辑（子项目A）。此外，12和13世纪的帝国宪章将采用语料库语言学的方法进行分析;这将与Monumenta Germaniae Historica（慕尼黑）和计算历史语义学项目（法兰克福）密切合作，以便能够呈现和展示封建词汇和概念的发展（子项目B）。对这些项目的补充是对班贝格亲王主教区的私人宪章的分析，这将表明上述封建观念的实际执行情况（分项目C）。

Widespread preconceptions of elder constitutional history still claim that feudalism shaped the social interaction of free men during the Middle Ages. In addition, the belief that medieval society was structured via a hierarchy which could be envisioned as a feudal pyramid of feudo-vassalitic relationships between kings, bishops, princes, and lesser free men still remains active as well. However, more recent research has begun to question the significance of feudalism for the constitutional history of the Early and High Middle Ages. It is justified to claim that there is no consensus at the moment as to when a system of feudal tenure came into existence or whether such a phenomenon existed at all. Nevertheless, current research does identify phenomena akin to feudalism in the medieval Roman Empire during the period of 1150-1250. The proposed project aims at analyzing this formation of feudalism in the High Middle Ages as it has been suggested during the recent debate. Until today, there is a lack of fundamental research that allows the exploration of this formation of feudal systems: the project, therefore, focuses on a comprehensive study of written manifestations of feudal words and concepts from the time between1150 and 1250. The study will include an analysis of jurisprudential texts written in northern Italy (Consuetudines feudorum) which have been ignored by the research of feudal history until today; in addition, it will also take charters dealing with feudo-vassalitic relations into account. Within the scope of the present research project, three interlocking sub-projects will aim to clarify: 1. if the written records support the theory of a formation of feudalism in the period in question; 2. what influence the emerging jurisprudence of northern Italy and feudal treatises had in re-structuring the perception of social bonds; 3. Whether, and if so, to what extent existing practices of granting land were influenced by this development. In order to reach all of these objectives it must be clarified how the emerging scholastic jurisprudence defined feudal law and what constituted this scholastic feudal law in the first place. In order to show the influence of the Consuetudines feudorum on the development in the Empire, the text of the Consuetudines also needs to be edited (sub-project A). In addition, the imperial charters of the 12th and 13th century will be analyzed employing methods of corpus linguistics; this will be approached in close collaboration with the Monumenta Germaniae Historica (Munich) and the project Computational Historical Semantics (Frankfurt) in order to be able to present and demonstrate the development of feudal words and concepts (sub-project B). These projects will be complemented by an analysis of private charters from the prince-bishopric of Bamberg which will demonstrate the practical implementation of the aforementioned feudal concepts (sub-project C).