The Command to Baptize and Cases of Doubt. The Catholic Church's Early Modern Administration of the Sacraments from a Global Historical Perspective

天主教会并不总是被认为是今天被认为的全球参与者；它确实已经成为了。这一进程受到欧洲扩张以及近代早期教派划分的决定性推动。随后，罗马教会中心提出的普遍的规范性主张，在各种特定的现实中，与事实的规范性日益冲突。这些新的挑战激活了罗马天主教内部(自我)转变的长期过程。在罗马教会总部与世界各地外围之间的结构性紧张关系中，天主教基督教一方面经历了全球化的忏悔运动，另一方面经历了“忏悔化”的全球运动。然而，城市中的能动性和城市中的被动性的静态模型未能理解这些事件的辩证动态。相反，出现了一种高度复杂的、特别是天主教版本的“宗教殖民主义”，其特点是低级、中级和霸权的宗教主角在全球范围内相互作用。几乎没有任何其他天主教领域能够比圣礼管理更好地阐明这些概念。这方面尤其令人印象深刻的是所谓的《圣洗礼大全》，这是一个最近公开的档案收藏，其中包括从世界各地送到罗马的与洗礼有关的疑似案件。它们传达了一种关于全球忏悔文化起源的非凡观点。

The Catholic Church has not always been the global player it is considered today; it is what is has, indeed, become. This process has been decisively promoted by the European expansions as well as by the denominational divisions of the Early Modern Period. Subsequently, the universal claim to normativity raised by the centre of the Church in Rome increasingly collided with the normativity of the factual in various particular realities. These novel challenges activated long-term processes of (self-) transformation within Roman Catholicism. In the constitutive tensions between the headquarters of the Church in Rome and the peripheries all over the world Catholic Christianity experienced confessional drives of globalization on the one hand and global drives of "confessionalization" on the other. However, the static model of activity in urbe and passivity in orbe fails to apprehend the dialectical dynamics of these incidents. Instead, a highly complex and specifically Catholic version of "religious colonialism" emerged, characterized by the global interaction of subaltern, intermediate and hegemonic religious protagonists. Hardly any other realm of Catholicism manages to illustrate these concepts better than the administration of sacraments. The so-called dubia circa baptismum, an archival collection recently made accessible containing cases of doubt related to baptism, which were sent to Rome from all over the world, is particularly impressive in this regard. They convey an extraordinary view of the beginnings of a global confessional culture.