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Trade with the Orient in the early modern period and the formation of identity of the Transylvanian Saxons. The Ottoman carpets of the Protestant Parish Church CA in Bistrita (Romania) in the Germanisches Nationalmuseum.

近代早期与东方的贸易和特兰西瓦尼亚撒克逊人身份的形成。

基本信息

批准号：
354985025
负责人：
Professor Dr. G. Ulrich Großmann
金额：
--
依托单位：
Germanisches Nationalmuseum (GNM)
依托单位国家：
德国
项目类别：
Priority Programmes
财政年份：
2017
资助国家：
德国
起止时间：
2016-12-31 至 2020-12-31
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/354985025?language=en
关键词：
Trade Orient early modern period

项目摘要

Since 1952 the Germanisches Nationalmuseum has had in its holdings 55 Ottoman carpets from the 16th to the 18th c. from the Protestant Parish Church in Bistrita. This collection, unique in terms of its historical completeness, will, for the first time, be the subject of a comprehensive research project, which will analyze not only the significance of the carpets in the early modern period but also their identity-generating role in the 19th and early 20th c. The carpets, made in Anatolia, reached Transylvania via trade routes from the mid-15th c. on. As economically significant luxury items they testify to the intensive commercial ties and the cultural exchange between the Ottoman Empire and Christian Europe; its hub Transylvania was at times subject to Ottoman dominance. Art-historical and art-technological examinations of a representative selection of 20 carpets and analysis of written sources such as customs registers, will aim to pinpoint dates and places of origin to determine time frames and trade routes more accurately. As status symbols and gifts the carpets played a role in the representational culture of the German nobility and middle class as well as the guilds in Transylvania. Starting with the Reformation they found their way into Protestant churches, usually as donations, where, despite their Islamic roots, especially of the prayer rugs, they were accorded functions in the liturgy and ceremonies. Sources such as inventories, sacristans registers and wills are expected to shed light on this. Historical inscriptions and graffiti found on the carpets will also be studied. The project will examine the fate of the carpets in the 19th and 20th c. as well. In the first half of the 19th c. they were not greatly esteemed by the parishioners, as witnessed by their present condition. Yet they were a part of the German-speaking culture in Transylvania and assumed an identity-shaping role for the Transylvanian Saxons, who, in the course of Romanian nationalist endeavors in the 19th c., attempted via their own historical awareness to delimit themselves from the neighboring ethnic groups. From 1907 on the carpets were treated as museum items, often filling large wall spaces in Protestant churches. There they were displayed as testimony to Transylvanias economic heyday in the 15th to the 17th c., which was strongly influenced by the Ottoman trading links. By means of the Anatolian rugs the project will examine important aspects of early modern period trans-Ottoman trade as well as the use and significance of these goods in the border regions between Transylvania and the Ottoman Empire. New insights are expected on the trade with carpets themselves, which as luxury goods assumed a special status within the commodity groups, as well as their importance and later use in Transylvania to where they transported a piece of Ottoman culture and themselves became an element of Saxon culture.

自1952年以来，日耳曼国家博物馆已经从比斯特里塔的新教教区教堂收藏了55块16世纪至18世纪的奥斯曼地毯。这些收藏在历史完整性方面是独一无二的，将首次成为一个综合研究项目的主题，该项目不仅将分析这些地毯在现代早期的重要性，还将分析它们在19世纪和20世纪初产生身份的作用。这些地毯在安纳托利亚制造，从15世纪中期开始通过贸易路线到达特兰西瓦尼亚。作为具有重要经济意义的奢侈品，它们证明了奥斯曼帝国与基督教欧洲之间紧密的商业联系和文化交流；它的中心特兰西瓦尼亚有时受到奥斯曼帝国的统治。对精选的20幅代表性地毯进行艺术史和艺术技术方面的检查，并对海关登记簿等书面资料进行分析，目的是确定原产地日期和地点，从而更准确地确定时间框架和贸易路线。作为地位的象征和礼物，地毯在德国贵族和中产阶级以及特兰西瓦尼亚的行会的代表性文化中发挥了作用。从宗教改革开始，它们进入新教教堂，通常是作为捐赠，尽管它们是伊斯兰教的根源，尤其是祈祷毯，但它们在礼拜仪式和仪式中被赋予了功能。诸如财产清单、圣职登记簿和遗嘱等资料有望阐明这一点。在地毯上发现的历史铭文和涂鸦也将被研究。该项目还将研究19世纪和20世纪地毯的命运。在19世纪上半叶，从他们现在的状况可以看出，他们并没有受到教区居民的重视。然而，他们是特兰西瓦尼亚德语文化的一部分，并承担了特兰西瓦尼亚撒克逊人的身份塑造角色，这些撒克逊人在19世纪罗马尼亚民族主义努力的过程中，试图通过自己的历史意识将自己与邻近的种族群体划清界限。从1907年开始，这些地毯被当作博物馆的展品，经常占据新教教堂的墙壁。在那里，它们被展示为特兰西瓦尼亚在15至17世纪的经济鼎盛时期的证据，这受到奥斯曼贸易联系的强烈影响。通过安纳托利亚地毯，该项目将研究早期现代跨奥斯曼贸易的重要方面，以及这些商品在特兰西瓦尼亚和奥斯曼帝国之间边境地区的使用和意义。地毯本身作为奢侈品在商品群体中占有特殊地位，其重要性和后来在特兰西瓦尼亚的使用，以及它们在那里运送了奥斯曼文化的一部分，并成为撒克逊文化的元素，这些都有望在地毯本身的贸易中获得新的见解。