Kant's Concept of Minority (Majority) in Historical and Philosophical Perspective

该项目旨在从宗谱的角度审视康德的多数/少数概念，重点关注作为其启蒙计划前提的义务理论。它旨在为理解康德哲学、“启蒙时代”（康德）以及他的启蒙哲学与当今时代的相关性提供一个可见的贡献。虽然项目在目前期间在五个领域取得了重要成果，但将项目再延长三年是非常重要的。造成这种情况的原因一方面是第一个项目期间没有得到充分资助，尽管外部审查员积极地审查了这一情况；另一方面（更重要的是），在第一个期间出现了新的重点问题，这些问题可以在第二个项目阶段合理地加以审查。在第一个项目期间，很明显，多数/少数的概念与康德的义务概念，以及“思维取向”、自决、自我保护和人性等概念密切相关。因此，多数/少数的概念不仅对康德的启蒙概念至关重要，而且对康德的整个哲学也至关重要，正如第二个项目时期应该展示的那样。他的批判哲学致力于对自己的实际关怀，其价值和尊严是通过自由和自我活动来解释的。这种自我认识必须通过自己在世界上的思考和行动来追求，并且必须作为一种能力来保存。以多数为目标的启蒙是一个无法完成的过程，它诉诸于由我们思维和意愿的规范和义务所引导的实践取向。项目第二阶段的工作日程包括六个主题：保护自己”。康德实践哲学的一个关键概念及其系统意义2. 从鲍姆加滕的伦理学和形而上学讲座看康德的义务概念；3. 人类的多数/少数：康德历史哲学的来源与结构4. 公共共识：能力与公共领域互动的起源5. 对宗教作为多数人的积极条件和消极条件的批判；6. 作为背离自然条件而延长关税。关于多数和合法权威的正当性。

The project aims at examining the concept of majority/minority in Kant in a genealogical perspective, with a focus on his theory of obligation as the precondition of his enlightenment program. It is intended to provide a visible contribution to the understanding of Kant’s philosophy, of the „age of enlightenment“ (Kant), and of the relevance of his enlightenment philosophy for the present age. Although important results have been achieved in the five areas of the project during its present duration, it is of great importance to extend the project for another three years. The reasons for this are, on the one hand, that the first project period was not fully funded, although positively reviewed by the external referees, and on the other hand (and more importantly) that new aspects came into focus during the first period that can reasonably be examined during a second project phase.During the first project period, it has become obvious that the concept of majority/minority is closely connected to Kant’s conception of obligation, as well as with concepts like „orientation in thinking“, self-determination, self-preservation and humanity. Thus, the concepts of majority/minority is not only vital for Kant’s concept of enlightenment, but rather for Kant’s philosophy as a whole, as the second project period is supposed to demonstrate. His critical philosophy is devoted to a practically motivated care for oneself, whose value and dignity are explained through freedom and self-activity. This self-knowledge must be pursued through own thinking and acting in the world, and it must be preserved as a capacity. Enlightenment aiming at majority is a process that cannot be completed, and it appeals to practical orientation guided by the norms and obligations of our thinking and willing.The work schedule of the second project phase includes six topics: 1. „Preserving oneself“. On a key concept of Kant’s practical philosophy and its systematic significance; 2. Kant’s conception of obligation in the light of his lectures on ethics and metaphysics according to Baumgarten; 3. The majority/minority of the human species: sources and structures of Kant’s philosophy of history; 4. Sensus Publicus: the genesis of the interaction of capacity and the public sphere; 5. Critique of religion as a negative and as a positive condition of majority; 6. The extension of duties as a departure from natural conditions. On majority and the justification of legitimate authority.