Regional air quality impacts of ship emissions from megaports in the Yangtze River Delta, China, and in Northern Europe

航运排放是港口和近海地区环境空气污染物的最重要来源之一。为应对船舶排放对人类健康和环境的威胁，国家和国际机构及环境机构将采取措施，支持减少排放战略，如燃料更换、废气净化技术或岸上供电。为了为作出决定提供一个良好的基础，迫切需要研究航运排放物对当地环境的影响-从大气的化学成分、地理位置和气候/天气条件的角度。适当的研究方法包括对排放因素和排气管近场羽流的化学成分进行真实的世界评估，建立本地航运排放清单，以及改进和调整港口地区的扩散和化学转化模型。因此，本项目的目标是：（1）对中国长江三角洲特大港口（上海港和宁波-舟山港）的代表性船舶排放量进行船上测量，包括气体和颗粒化合物的形态分析。对这些测量结果的评估将产生一套先进的与负荷有关的排放函数和所有相关空气污染物的排放因子。结果将与文献中的现有排放系数以及汉堡和鹿特丹等欧洲大港口的观测结果进行比较。(2)根据航运活动数据，建立包含所有相关污染物的高分辨率模型就绪船舶排放清单。(3)通过用港区观测数据评估模式结果，改进船舶废气羽流的扩散和化学转化模式。(4)通过应用区域（COSMO-CLM/CMAQ）和嵌套城市尺度（CityChem）模型，在不同尺度上估计航运排放对大港口地区空气质量的影响。(5)分析上海港和汉堡港在港口对城市及周边地区空气质量的作用方面的差异和共同点。这将涉及对这两个港口近年来新的排放标准进行评估，以便深入了解每个地区具体减排战略的有效性

Shipping emissions are one of the most significant sources of ambient air pollutants in port and offshore areas. In response to the threat for human health and the environment, that is connected with ship emissions, national and international bodies and environmental agencies are about to take measures for supporting abatement strategies such as fuel change, exhaust gas cleaning technologies or on-shore power supply. In order to provide a sound foundation for decisions to be made, research about the impact of shipping emissions considering the local environment - in terms of chemical composition of the atmosphere, geographical situation and climate/weather conditions - is needed urgently. A suitable research approach includes real world assessments of emission factors and the chemical composition of plumes in the near-field of exhaust stacks, the establishment of localized shipping emission inventories, and the improvement and adaptation of dispersion and chemical transformation models for port areas. Consequently, this project aims to: (1) Carry out on-board measurements of emissions from representative ships in megaports in the Yangtze River Delta in China (Shanghai port and Ningbo-Zhoushan port) including a speciation of gaseous and particulate compounds. The evaluation of these measurements will yield an advanced set of load dependent emission functions and emission factors for all relevant air pollutants. The results will be compared with available emission factors from literature and with observations in the European megaports of Hamburg and Rotterdam. (2) Establish highly-resolved model-ready ship emission inventories containing all relevant pollutants based on shipping activity data. (3) Improve dispersion and chemical transformation models for exhaust gas plumes from ships by means of evaluating model results with observational data from port areas. (4) Estimate the impact of shipping emissions on air quality in megaport regions at different scales by applying both regional (COSMO-CLM/CMAQ) and nested city scale (CityChem) models. (5) Analyze differences and common features between Shanghai port and Hamburg port concerning the role of the ports for the air quality in and around the city. This will involve an evaluation the new emission standards in both ports in recent years in order to provide insight into the effectiveness of abatement strategies specific to each region