Tensions in various fields of volunteering. A comparison between the church, sports, environmental associations and welfare organisations.

某些国际研究表明，志愿人员参与公民活动的动机有一个过程的发展，而这个过程是由个人与其志愿活动的环境之间的相互作用所形成的。上下文特别指活动、志愿者群体、组织和与客户的互动。根据这些发现，本研究项目将探讨动态志愿服务经历是否以及在多大程度上存在特定领域。研究项目的基础将是我们自己对福利部门志愿服务退出过程的研究结果。这些过程中的一个主要因素是特定领域的紧张关系：一方面，志愿者在他们的护理工作或与其他志愿者的合作中有具体的经验，这加强了他们的承诺。另一方面，志愿者对他们在实地观察到的做法形成了一种抗议的态度。这两种类型的经历都受到福利部门的强烈影响：照顾和援助导致特殊的人际关系；与此同时，福利部门是由经济驱动的，这是抗议的核心。这就提出了一个问题：在其他领域，什么样的紧张关系是公民参与的特征？哪些具体的活动能让我们获得强化承诺的经验？这个领域的哪些方面导致了抗议？这种抗议可以用什么方式表达出来？所有领域或多个领域是否存在共同的紧张关系？该项目比较了教会、环境慈善机构和体育的志愿部门，并与福利部门的先前调查结果进行了比较。志愿者所从事的工作各不相同；该项目还将比较小型独立慈善机构的志愿工作与大型组织和协会的志愿工作。我们的研究将探索已经退出的志愿者的观点。他们能够从整体上叙述志愿服务的过程及其发展，包括最终的撤离和所涉及的紧张局势。这些志愿者的叙述将在每个领域与仍然活跃的志愿者的小组讨论进行比较。这种比较可以让我们了解特定领域的具体方面，以及所有领域共同存在的志愿服务紧张关系。方法基础将是文献法，因为研究涉及集体分享的经验。该研究项目侧重于志愿服务的具体领域、志愿服务的过程性质和志愿者的观点，将为志愿服务研究提供一个创新的角度。

Certain international studies have shown a processual development in the motivation of volunteers for civic engagement, and that process is shaped by the interplay between the individual and the context in which he or she is volunteering. Context means in particular the activity, the group of volunteers, the organisation and interaction with clients. In the light of these findings, the research project will explore whether and to what extent there are field-specific aspects of dynamic volunteering experiences. The basis for the research project will be our own research findings on withdrawal processes of volunteering in the welfare sector. A major factor in those processes is a field-specific tension: on the one hand, volunteers have specific experiences in their care work or with other volunteers that strengthen their commitment. On the other hand, volunteers develop an attitude of protest to practices that they observe in the field. Both types of experience are strongly shaped by the welfare sector: care and assistance lead to special interpersonal relationships; at the same time, the welfare sector is driven by economisation, which is central to protest.This raises the question of what tensions characterise civil engagement in other fields. Which specific activities allow experiences that strengthen commitment? What aspects of the field lead to protest? In what ways can that protest be articulated? Are there tensions common to all or multiple fields? The project compares the volunteering sectors of church, environmental charities and sport both with each other and with previous findings from the welfare sector. The fields vary in terms of the work carried out by the volunteers; the project will also compare volunteering in small, independent charities with work in the context of large organisations and associations. Our research will explore the perspective of volunteers who have dropped out. They are able to recount the volunteering process and its development as a whole, including ultimate withdrawal and the tensions involved. Narratives from these volunteers will be compared in each field with group discussions with volunteers who are still active. This comparison should allow an understanding of both the aspects specific to a given field and to tensions in volunteering that are common to all fields. The methodological basis will be the documentary method, as the research relates to collectively shared experiences. With its focus on the field-specific aspects of volunteering, the processual nature of volunteering and the perspective of the volunteers, the research project will offer an innovative angle in volunteering research.