Living together or apart? Unravelling the development, internal organization and social structure of a complex Bronze Age tell settlement at Toboliu, western Romania

罗马尼亚西部的Toboliu遗址是喀尔巴西亚盆地青铜器时代晚期(匈牙利年代学，公元前2300/2200-1500/1450年)发展起来的Tell聚落的代表。最近在该地区开展的研究极大地改变了我们对这些遗址的看法，揭示了土丘本身以外的定居点活动，并证明TELS是比迄今认为的复杂得多的定居点系统的一部分；这些系统由几个部分组成，它们在社会、时间和功能方面的相互关系仍有待研究。我们最近在Toboliu的工作是为了支持这种青铜时代的新兴形象。从2014年开始在这里进行的非侵入性调查(地形测量、系统的野外行走、航空摄影和磁强计测量)揭示了一个由一个中央土丘、两条同心沟渠和一个巨大的外部定居点(约84公顷)组成的复合场地的存在。此外，通过2014至2017年间的发掘，揭示了匈牙利MBA时期中央土丘的演化及其完整的地层序列。我们在外部聚落表面的系统野外行走只找到了MBA材料，从而证明了我们在地磁遗址平面图上看到的异常(主要是房屋和坑)与土丘上的占领是同时代的。因此，这个遗址提供了一个独特的机会，详细揭示青铜时代的Tell如何与周围的聚落一起作为一个完整的系统发展和发挥作用。尽管最近的调查取得了进展，但关于青铜时代以外职业的结构和时间演变的信息仍然不足。因此，通过对该项目内计划的外部定居点的调查，以及在伴随项目内计划的多学科分析(结合地质考古学、考古学和考古学调查)的帮助下，我们有机会测试现有的理论模型，并在坚实的经验基础上制定新的模型。所有计划的调查都将以现有的高分辨率地磁场地平面图为基础。到目前为止，我们通过对土丘进行挖掘而获得的结果，将为即将进行的揭发家庭和告密家庭之间的比较提供坚实的基础。总而言之，这个项目可以提供关于青铜时代Tell的广泛的新信息，包括整个遗址结构的时间和空间发展，以及生存实践和社会经济发展。通过我们的多学科方法，我们的目标是揭示促成这种复杂聚落的起源、发展和随后衰落的因素之间的相互作用。

The site of Toboliu, western Romania, is representative of the tell settlements that developed in the Carpathian Basin during the late Early to Middle Bronze Age (Hungarian chronology, c. 2300/2200–1500/1450 BC). Recent research carried out in the region has dramatically changed our perception of these sites, revealing settlement activity beyond the mounds themselves and proving that tells were part of much more complex settlement systems then hitherto thought; these systems consisted of several parts whose relation vis-à vis each other in social, chronological and functional terms remains to be studied. Our recent work at Toboliu comes in support of this emerging image of Bronze Age tells. Non-invasive investigations conducted here starting with 2014 (topographic surveys, systematic field-walking, aerial photography and magnetometer survey) have revealed the existence of a composite site consisting of a central mound, two concentric ditches, and a large outer settlement (c. 84 ha). Moreover, the evolution of the central mound during the Hungarian MBA and its complete stratigraphic sequence have been revealed through excavations conducted between 2014 and 2017. Our systematic field-walk on the surface of the outer settlement led to the recovery of MBA material only, thus certifying that the anomalies we see in the geomagnetic site plan (mostly houses and pits) were contemporary with the occupation on the mound. Hence, this site offers a unique opportunity to uncover in detail how a Bronze Age tell together with its surrounding settlement developed and functioned as an integrated system. Despite the progress obtained through recent investigations, information on the structure and chronological evolution of occupation outside Bronze Age tells remains insufficient. Therefore, through the investigations of the outer settlement planned within this project, as well as with the help of the multidisciplinary analyses planned within the accompanying project (combining geoarchaeological, archaeobotanical and archaeozoological investigations), we have the opportunity to test existing theoretical models, and formulate new ones based on a strong empirical foundation. All planned investigations will be based on the available high-resolution geomagnetic site plan. The results we obtained so far through excavations on the mound will provide a solid basis for upcoming comparisons between on-tell and off-tell households. Summing up, this project can offer a broad spectrum of new information about a Bronze Age tell in terms of the chronological and spatial development of the entire site structure, as well as subsistence practices and social and economic developments. Through our multidisciplinary approach, we aim to reveal the interplay of factors that contributed to the genesis, growth and subsequent decline of this type of complex settlement.