From Graves to Wells? New curse tablets from the Athenian Ceramicus and the Local Development of the Cursing Ritual

该项目首先旨在破译并公布一份新的29块古希腊诅咒石板，这些石板是由德国考古研究所雅典部门在2011-2016年的陶瓷器b34井挖掘活动中出土的。通过对这一新的铭文材料的解读，我希望能扩展我们对雅典人的onomastics和prosopography的了解，以及对古代诅咒语言的了解，并希望能发现井中所崇敬的神的名字。此外，我将讨论新发现对我们关于陶瓷器诅咒实践的知识的影响。由于他们的发现背景，新的石板改变了我们迄今为止将陶龛视为一个传统空间的方式，在那里进行诅咒仪式。最后，我将把这些新发现的结果与整个雅典人的诅咒传统结合起来。这意味着要对新石碑和已经出版的石碑进行铭文和文字的比较，这些石碑的考古背景是有记载的，而更多的石碑的年代只是基于古文献学、人物学或使用的公式。特别是对后者来说，这种比较可能是有用的，因为他们在约会方面的进步是可以预期的。在新材料的帮助下，我还将解决一个影响雅典诅咒碑语料库的更广泛的问题：而显著降低镌刻诅咒的证据之间的平板电脑中间的希腊化时代,帝国早期常见的整个古代世界,增长的证据从公元2世纪,正如它可以注意到考虑所有诅咒平板电脑从古代,不适用于雅典,或者更广泛地说,阿提卡地区,尽管证据仪式实践的连续性,要假定。来自古典和早期希腊化时代的诅咒碑的数量明显高于任何后期。这种情况可能取决于几个因素，这些因素需要单独检查。在我看来，在解释雅典晚期诅咒碑的稀缺性方面，最有希望的一个方面是发现点的类型。雅典人的诅咒主要出现在两种环境中：坟墓和水井。如果我们分别考虑坟墓和井中发现的年代，就会发现大多数晚期的碎片集中在井中。根据这一观察，人们可以得出这样的假设：雅典人的诅咒习惯发生了某种演变，因此，从希腊化时代晚期开始，水井和喷泉比坟墓更受欢迎，成为存放诅咒碑的地方。

The project aims first of all to decipher and publish a new cache of 29 ancient Greek curse tablets that were unearthed during the 2011-2016 excavation campaigns at well B 34 of the Ceramicus by the Athenian department of the German Archaeological Institute. From the decipherment of this new epigraphic material I expect to expand our knowledge of Athenian onomastics and prosopography, as well as of the repertoire of the ancient language of cursing, and to hopefully discover the name of the divinity venerated in the well.Moreover I will address the question of the impact of the new finds on our knowledge about cursing practices in the Ceramicus. Due to their finding context the new tablets change the way in which we have so far regarded the Ceramicus as a traditional space where to practice cursing rituals.Finally I will incorporate the results from the new finds into the overall Athenian tradition of cursing. This implies an epigraphic and textual comparison between the new tablets and those already published, both those whose archaeological context is documented and the many more whose dating was based only on palaeography, prosopography or employed formulae. Especially for the latter group the comparison could reveal useful, insofar as improvements in their dating can be expected.With the help of the new material I will also address a broader issue affecting the corpus of Athenian curse tablets: while a remarkable decrease in the evidence of inscribed curse tablets between the middle of the Hellenistic age and the early imperial period is common to the entire ancient world, the growth in the evidence from the 2nd century AD, as it can be noticed considering all curse tablets from antiquity, does not apply to Athens or, more broadly, to the region of Attica, despite the continuity of evidence for this ritual practice that has to be assumed for this area. The amount of curse tablets from the classical and early Hellenistic ages is remarkably higher than that of any later period. This situation might depend on several factors, which need to be examined individually. One of the aspects that seems to me most promising in offering some explanation about the rareness of late curse tablets in Athens concerns the type of finding spots. Athenian curses were found mainly in two types of settings: graves and wells. If one considers the chronology of the finds from graves and wells respectively, the concentration of most of the late pieces in wells emerges. From this observation one could derive the hypothesis that some sort of evolution in the cursing habits of the Athenians took place, so that from the late Hellenistic age wells and fountains became more popular than graves as places of deposition of curse tablets.