The study of political critical critism by common pepulein the latter Tokugawa period(1963-86).

根据今年的预定计划，我们的研究集中在源氏/Keiou时期（1864-1867）。结果可归纳为六点。1: Rakushu/Rakushos的数量在源氏时期的第一年（1864年）是最大的。这是对德川家族和天皇的批判，比以前更加坦率。这里分为关东区和关西区。关东的rakusshu /Rakushos倾向于Bakufu。关西的人更倾向于萨摩汉和秋树汉。特别是在大阪的庆留时期（1865 ~ 1867年），很多人都是反对歌舞剧的。3 .浮世漫画也有这样的倾向。这种趋势在博信年（1868年）尤为明显。1866年出版的《浮舟梦》对当时的政府和社会进行了非常准确的分析。6：“忧天忧天”在这一时期留下了广泛流传的痕迹。tobu -shorin- yorozuya - hyshirou被认为是它的作者。但它并不确定。在日本的Rakushos和浮世绘漫画中，有许多重要的史料。并不是所有的都在出版的书里。这些都是尚未开发的领域，有待深入研究。

According to prearranged plans of this year, our research is concentrated in Genji/Keiou period (1864-1867). The result is summarized to six points.1 : Amount of Rakushu/Rakushos is maximum in the first year of Genji period(1864). These are more frank criticism on the Tokugawa family and the emperor than before.2 : These are divided to Kanto and Kansai districts. Kanto's Rakushu/Rakushos have a tendancy to be for Bakufu. Kansai's ones have a tendancy to be for Satsuma-han and Choushu-han. Especially many of those in Keiou period(1865-1867) in Osaka are against Bakufu.3 : Ukiyoe-caricatures have also such a tendancy.4 : This tendancy is remarkable on Boshin year(1868).5 : A Shabun named "Ikada no yume(dream of raft)" (1866) analyzed government and society of those days very accurately.6 : "Yuten-shikou(Personal opinion about the world with worriment)" left widely spread traces in this period. Tobu-shorin-Yorozuya-Hyoshirou is regarded as its writer. but it is not sure.Among the Rakushu/Rakushos and Ukiyoe-caricatures, there are many important historical materials. Not all of them are on published books.These are unexplored field and should be researched more deeply.