The study of political critical critism by common pepulein the latter Tokugawa period(1963-86).

根据今年的预定计划，我们的研究集中在Genji/Keiou时期（1864-1867）。研究结果归纳为六点：1、罗州/罗仓数量在元智元年（1864年）达到最大值。这些都是对德川家族和天皇比以前更坦率的批评。2：这些被分为关东和关西地区。关东的落州/落州有一种倾向是幕府。关西的有萨摩韩和周书韩的倾向。尤其是庆应时期的（1865-1867）在大坂是反对幕府。3：浮世绘漫画也有这样的趋势。4：这种趋势是显着的，在波信年（1868年）。5：一个沙文名为“池田之夜”（竹筏之梦）”（1866）非常准确地分析了当时的政府和社会。6：“忧天下”在这一时期留下了广泛流传的痕迹。它的作者被认为是东短林赖津屋孝四郎。但这并不确定。在落州/落书和浮世绘漫画中，有许多重要的历史资料。并不是所有的都在出版的书上，这些都是未开发的领域，应该更深入地研究。

According to prearranged plans of this year, our research is concentrated in Genji/Keiou period (1864-1867). The result is summarized to six points.1 : Amount of Rakushu/Rakushos is maximum in the first year of Genji period(1864). These are more frank criticism on the Tokugawa family and the emperor than before.2 : These are divided to Kanto and Kansai districts. Kanto's Rakushu/Rakushos have a tendancy to be for Bakufu. Kansai's ones have a tendancy to be for Satsuma-han and Choushu-han. Especially many of those in Keiou period(1865-1867) in Osaka are against Bakufu.3 : Ukiyoe-caricatures have also such a tendancy.4 : This tendancy is remarkable on Boshin year(1868).5 : A Shabun named "Ikada no yume(dream of raft)" (1866) analyzed government and society of those days very accurately.6 : "Yuten-shikou(Personal opinion about the world with worriment)" left widely spread traces in this period. Tobu-shorin-Yorozuya-Hyoshirou is regarded as its writer. but it is not sure.Among the Rakushu/Rakushos and Ukiyoe-caricatures, there are many important historical materials. Not all of them are on published books.These are unexplored field and should be researched more deeply.