Three dimensional shear failure of reinforced concrete members

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In 1994, tests were conducted on reinforced concrete columns with square sections failing in shear. Parameters were shear reinforcement ratio and the direction of shear force to the section, 0 or 45 degree. After the loading, epoxy resin was injected, and the specimens were sawed in transverse and longitudinal directions. The observed shear cracks inside the specimens were curved, which means that the shear failure was three dimensional.In 1995, analysis was conducted based on plastic theory. The calculated shear failure planes agreed well with the observation. Parametric studies showed the importance of sub-ties on shear strength. A coefficient to express the effects of sub-ties was newly proposed. The calculated shear strength usitn the coefficient agreed with the existing test results.