Elevational replacement, higher tropical mountain passes and isolated sky islands: untangling neutral and adaptive processes driving radiation of Andean Apocynaceae

山地系统是生物多样性的热点。在南美洲，几个安第斯山脉植物群是世界上最多样化、进化最活跃和物种最丰富的植物群之一。我们将以罗布麻科(罗布麻科)罗布麻亚科植物为研究对象，研究南美洲热带山地系统物种多样性演化中的适应性和中性过程。为了揭示这两个过程在直甲亚科多样化中的相对贡献，我们(1)使用形态研究和基于合并的基因组方法来估计物种的数量。为此，我们分析了目标丰富的基因组数据(Hyb-Seq)，并研究了世界各地博物馆和草本植物中保存的植物标本。时间校准的树种被用来(2)估计花朵大小和结构的变化频率和大小，以及不同谱系之间的花朵大小进化速率及其与物种多样性速率的关联。物种出现的空间分析和气候生态位模型被用来(3)确定异地物种形成事件的频率、物种系统地理和生态偏好，以及物种更替的海拔模式(当前和历史)。结合我们的基因组、表型、空间和生态数据，我们(4)估计了驱动安第斯正方体辐射的中性和适应性过程的节奏和模式。这将有助于我们理解物种多样化驱动因素之间的相互作用。在SPP“Taxon-Omics”范围内，我们的全面目标是建立一个渠道，更新数字草本植物的物种和元数据。与观察(标本)相联系、可获得和可重复使用的可访问数据反过来又为美洲安第斯山脉植物生物多样性及其进化动态的历史、当前和未来评估提供了基础。这一优先项目能力网络中的业务和结构协同效应为本研究和下一代分类学家的教育提供了关键环境。

Mountain systems are biodiversity hotspots. In South America, several Andean mountain floras are among the most diverse, evolutionary most active and species-richest worldwide. We will study adaptive and neutral processes in the evolution of species diversity in tropical mountain systems in South America using the species in the Orthosiinae clade of the Apocynaceae (dogbane family). To reveal the relative contributions of both processes in Orthosiinae diversification, we (1) estimate the number of species using morphological studies and coalescence-based genomic approaches. To do so, we analyze target-enriched genomic data (Hyb-Seq) and study plant specimens harbored in museums and herbaria around the world. Time-calibrated species trees are used to (2) estimate frequency and magnitude of shifts in flower size and structure, as well as the rates of flower size evolution among lineages and their association to species diversification rates. Spatial analyses of species occurrences and climatic niche modelling is used to (3) identify the frequency of allopatric speciation events, species phylogeography and ecological preferences, and the elevational pattern of species replacement (current and historical). Integrating our genomic, phenotypic, spatial and ecologic data, we (4) estimate tempo and mode of neutral and adaptive processes driving radiation in Andean Orthosiinae. This will contribute to our understanding of interactions among drivers of species diversification. Within the SPP "Taxon-Omics" our comprehensive goal is to establish a pipeline for the updating of species and metadata in digital herbaria. Accessible data linked to an observation (specimen), available and reusable, in turn, provide the base for historical, current and future assessment of plant biodiversity and its evolutionary dynamics in the American Andes. Operational and structural synergies in the competence network of this priority program provide the pivotal environment for this study and the education of next-generation taxonomists.