KFG 20: Universalism and Particularism in European Contemporary History

高级研究中心（CAS）调查了从20世纪70年代到现在欧洲当代历史中的普遍主义和特殊主义秩序模式。普遍主义主张的目标是普遍适用的规则，然而，对这种规则的要求通常是根据具体利益提出的。相比之下，特殊主义模式拒绝任何一般性主张，并为旨在构建个人或群体相关需求的指导原则辩护。CAS的研究项目提出了一个问题，即普遍主义和特殊主义的主张是如何在当代历史中构建的，以及政治社会变革是如何被构想、证明、促进甚至阻止的。CAS的研究重点是经济、宗教/世俗和人权制度，并分三个阶段对这些研究领域进行研究：（1）普遍主义和特殊主义概念，（2）它们的转移和（3）功能。CAS的目的是更好地理解转型的复杂性以及欧洲当代历史中普遍主义和特殊主义概念的叠加。CAS的核心假设是，东欧和西欧的当代历史只能在其相互依存和全球纠缠中得到充分描述。CAS由三位代表当代史（Andreas Wirsching），欧洲史（Kiran Patel）和东欧史（Martin Schulze Wessel）的学者领导。由于这种个人星座，CAS能够在全球背景下研究西欧和东欧的历史。CAS追求一个理论项目，包括历史学家和社会科学家之间的深入对话。因此，杰出的研究员玛尔塔·布肖尔克（社会学）、亚历山大·利伯曼（政治学）和安杰利卡·努斯贝格（法律）在中科院的框架中发挥了关键作用。CAS旨在讨论历史和社会科学研究的概念，以及它们对近代史分析的潜力。中科院的核心是研究员计划，邀请杰出的高级和初级研究员参加。中科院非常重视慕尼黑LMU同事的进一步参与，以及向科学和非科学目标群体传播科学成果。作为其工作的一项重要成果，CAS将在其任期结束时提出一个基于跨学科合作的理论基础上的欧洲当代史，这将体现CAS的基本思想。

The Centre for Advanced Studies (CAS) investigates universalist and particularist models of order in European contemporary history from the 1970s to the present. Universalist claims aim at universally applicable rules, the demand for which, however, usually follows concrete interests. In contrast, particularist models reject any general claim and justify guiding principles that are oriented towards the construction of individual or group-related needs. The CAS research program poses the question how universalist and particularist claims were constructed in contemporary history and how political-social change was conceived, justified, promoted or even prevented with them. The CAS focuses on economic, religious/secular and human rights regimes and investigates these research areas in three steps: (1) universalist and particularist concepts, (2) their transfer and (3) functions.The aim of the CAS is to gain a better understanding of the complexity of the transition and the overlaying of universalist and particularist concepts in European contemporary history. Central to the CAS is the assumption that contemporary history in Eastern and Western Europe can only be adequately described in its interdependencies and global entanglements. The CAS is headed by three scholars who represent contemporary history (Andreas Wirsching), European History (Kiran Patel) and Eastern European history (Martin Schulze Wessel). Due to this personal constellation, the CAS is in a position to examine the history of Western and Eastern Europe in its global context. The CAS pursues a theoretical program that consists of an intensive dialogue between historians and social scientists. The Distinguished Fellows Marta Bucholc (sociology), Alexander Libman (political science) and Angelika Nußberger (law) thus play a key role in the frame of the CAS. The CAS intends to discuss concepts of historical and social science research with regard to their potential for the analysis of recent contemporary history. Central to the CAS is the Fellow Program, in which distinguished, senior and junior fellows are invited. The CAS attaches great importance to the involvement of further colleagues of the LMU Munich and to the media dissemination of scientific results to scientific and non-scientific target groups. As an important result of its work, the CAS will at the end of its term present a theoretically founded European contemporary history based on interdisciplinary cooperation, which takes up the basic ideas of the CAS.