Effects of non-linear response and failure of the ground subjected to strong shaking on soils and structures and their implementation into performance based design

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In order to properly estimate the effects of non-linear response and failure of the ground on the damage to buildings and foundations during recent earthquakes, in situ boring, sampling, laboratory cyclic tests and site response analyses were conducted for several sites where damage to soil and foundation was available together with recorded ground motions. Also performed were 1g and centrifugal shaking table tests on soil-structure systems with or without pile foundations to examine the effects of super-structure inertia and ground deformation as well as embedment and pile group effects. Simplified pushover analysis using p-y springs and non-linear effective analysis taking into account the above significant findings could simulate the shaking table test results and compiled field case histories of soils and foundations.