Malay Waters in Transition: Migration, Trade, and Modernity, 1760-1840

在马来沃茨，18世纪60年代至19世纪40年代，这段福尔斯时期是独立的土著国家的结束和殖民国家的开始，被认为是衰落和混乱的时期。如果我们关注的不是国家，而是移民和贸易，那么这一时期是一个繁荣的时期，见证了与中国的强劲贸易，以及随之而来的积极移民。随着主要出口产品从早期有限的珍贵天然产品转向海洋和森林产品等大众消费项目，许多地方的地方社会与世界市场联系在一起，变得更加强烈地以市场为导向。可以得出这样的结论：这些变化意味着一种现代性，而这种现代性并不一定是西方影响的结果。

In the Malay Waters, the 1760s-1840s, which falls on the end of independent indigenous states and the beginning of colonial states, has been considered to be the period of decline and confusion. If we focus not on states but on migration and trade, the period was rather a booming period, which witnessed the strong trade with China, and concomitant active migration. As major exports shifts from the limited precious natural products in the earlier times to the mass-consuption items such as marine and forest products, local society in many places was linked to the world market and became more strongly market-oriented. It is possible to conclude that these changes meant a form of modernity, which did not necessarily result from Western impacts.