Berlin on drugs. Heroin use in the „Mauerstadt“ between psychiatric reform and AIDS phobia in the 1970s and 1980s.

摘要20世纪70年代初，海洛因在西德和西柏林的违禁药品中占主导地位。城市的毒品场景和吸毒者引起了公众的关注，这不仅揭示了行政权力和法院的不堪重负，也揭示了精神病学及其观念和制度的过度紧张，正在经历一场深刻的改革过程。该项目旨在查明和分析1970年代和1980年代社会如何看待海洛因问题和如何对待海洛因使用者的现象。它考虑到，与药物有关的成瘾不应仅仅被视为一种病理生理事实，而且还存在由定义过程和基于利益的政策造成和决定的法律、社会和医学领域的紧张。精神病学的发展以及整个社会的发展（与“精神病患者”和艾滋病毒/艾滋病的出现有关）将作为相关的影响因素包括在这一背景下，假设在药物背景下，这两种现象在很大程度上有助于“侵蚀疯狂与正常之间的差异”，正如研究小组的建议所解释的那样。海洛因成瘾不仅是一种导致个人疾病和严重精神痛苦的现象。此外，这是一个社会问题，似乎证明了“非常”、有时是有问题的措施是合理的。对海洛因使用的惩罚和接受不等的反应导致了精神病学垄断的丧失，当涉及到对吸毒成瘾的解释和治疗时，导致了毒品政策和与消费者打交道的多样化（和新的复杂性），这种多样化直到今天仍在继续产生影响。

AbstractAt the beginning of the 1970s, heroin became the dominant substance among banned drugs in West Germany and West Berlin. Urban drug scenes and junkies attracted public attention and revealed not only executive power and the courts to be overwhelmed, but also an overstrained psychiatry with its concepts and institutions, which was undergoing a profound reform process.The project aims to identify and analyze the phenomena that defined how society viewed the heroin problem and dealt with heroin users in the 1970s and 1980s. It takes into account that substance-related addiction should not be seen as a solely pathophysiological fact, but that there are also legal, social and medical fields of tension created and determined by definition processes and interest-based policies.The psychiatric developments as well as the overall societal developments (associated with the „Pychiatrie-Enquete“ and the emergence of HIV/AIDS) will be included as relevant influencing factors in this context, the assumption being that in the drug-context both phenomena largely contributed to „eroding the difference between crazy and normal“ as explained in the research group’s proposal. Heroin addiction was a phenomenon that not only caused individual illness and heavy mental distress. It was furthermore a societal problem that seemed to justify „extra-ordinary", sometimes questionable, measures. Reactions ranging between penalization and acceptance of heroin use led to the loss of the psychiatric monopoly when it came to the interpretation and treatment of drug addiction and to a diversification (and a new complexity) in drug policy and in dealing with consumers, a diversification that continues to have an effect to this day.