Lawyers training and legal education during the 19th/20th centuries in five countries(Germany,England,Japan,France and USA)

在这个研究项目中，我们研究了五个国家（德国、英国、日本、法国和美国）在过去200年里的律师培训和学术法律教育体系，我们试图从中推断出每一种“历史类型”（Kuroda，“律师教育的历史类型”），并研究它是如何由国家和法律的特殊情况、社会结构-历史基础，特别是这些国家律师协会的每一个特征所决定的。为此目的，通过注意每个国家历史上的历史机构及其改革运动，调查和阐明了法律教育和律师培训的历史材料和文献。作为历史专项研究课题，黑田东彦从律师协会的角度研究了美国法学院作为律师培训中心的兴起，从德国法律体系的角度研究了格尼斯特的“自由倡导者”主张及其在《柏林法理学协会》中的实现。深尾对19世纪末英国法学教育改革运动的失败进行了探讨。野上和三坂询问了大革命以来法国酒吧和地方法官的改革情况。Misaka和Kuroda对日本近代化的法律教育进行了比较研究。我们经常见面并一起讨论，有时与其他法律史学家和执业律师一起讨论。本研究结果将于2002年10月5日至6日在日本法律史学会年会上发表。

In this research project treating of the lawyers training and academic legal education systems during the last 200 years in five countries (Germany, England, Japan, France and USA, we tried to deduce each ' historical type' from them (Kuroda, ' Historical Types of Lawyers Education') and to examine how it was determined by the special situation of state and law, socio-structure-historical basis, especially each character of bar association in such countries. Historical materials and literature for legal education and lawyers training were investigated and elucidated for that purpose, by taking notice of historical institutions and their reform movements in the history of each countries. As historical special resarch subjects, Kuroda made researches the rise of American law schools as a center of lawyers training in relation to bar associations and as concerns German system the Gneist's proposition of 'free advocates' and its realization in the 'Juristische Gesellschaft in Berlin'. Fukao inquired into the miscarried reform movement of english legal education in the late 19th century. Nogami and Misaka inquired French bar and magistrates in reformation since the Revolution. Misaka and Kuroda did research on Japanese legal education in modernization by comparison with western counterparts. We all have often met and discussed together, sometimes with other legal historians and practicing lawyers. The result of this research project will be presented in the one-day-symposium in the annual conference of Japan Legal HistoryAssociation on October 5./6.2002 and published.