Effects of economic development on cropping system and the sustainable use of plant resources

城市化和工业化改变了印度尼西亚的农业，农民停止种植木薯和魔芋物种，这些物种以前被用作大米的替代品。因此，遗传资源正在从印度尼西亚的传统种植系统中消失。从社会学和经济学两方面对Pekarangan和Tunpansari等传统耕作制度进行了研究。然而，在这些传统的种植系统栽培植物的遗传多样性还有待研究。印尼政府已决定保护这些作物，并打算将其用于工业目的。在本研究中，我们调查了农民种植的木薯品种的变化，发现许多适合食用但产量低的地方品种在绿色革命导致水稻产量增加后消失了。其次，从形态特征上阐明了魔芋属植物的遗传多样性。魔芋（象脚山药）作为地面作物种植在家庭花园，因为它们耐受低光照强度和低生育力。象脚山药目前作为粮食作物发挥着次要作用。然而，它们具有作为经济作物的潜力，因为它们可以在种植园作物的树冠下种植。主成分分析结果表明，供试材料可分为A ~ E.主成分分析表明，生长生境与类群之间的关系可分为两个生态类型，分别为适应低地的A、B和E类，和适应高地的c类。球茎中的蔗糖和淀粉含量在材料间差异很大，但碳水化合物含量与基于形态特征的分类似乎不太相关。

Urbanization and industrialization have changed Indonesian agriculture, in such a way that farmers have stopped cultivating cassava and Amorphophallus species which were previously used as substitutes for rice. Therefore, genetic resources are disappearing from the traditional cropping systems in Indonesia. Traditional cropping systems such as Pekarangan and Tunpansari have been studied both sociologically and economically. However, genetic diversity of cultivated plants in these traditional cropping systems have yet to be studied. The Indonesian government has decided to conserve these crops and intend to use them for industrial purposes. In this study, we investigated the changes in cassava varieties which farmers have grown, and found that many local varieties which are suitable for food but low yield have lost after rice production increased due to the green revolution. Secondly, we clarified the genetic diversity of Amorphophallus species using morphological characters. Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (elephant foot yams) are grown as ground-layer crops in home gardens because they are tolerant to low light intensities and low fertility. Elephant foot yams play a minor role as food crops at the present time. However, they have potential as an industrial crop because they can be cultivated under the canopy of plantation crops. Principal component analysis showed that accessions were divided into five groups, A to E. Relationships between the growth habitats and groups classified by principal component analysis show that groups could be divided into two ecotypes, which are adapted to lowlands (A, B and E) and to uplands c. Sucrose and starch concentrations in corms varied largely among accessions, but iseems unlikely that carbohydrate concentrations are related to the classification based on morphological characters.