Fiscal Expenditure on Environment and Firm's Behavior : Macroeconomic Consequences in China and Japan

“发达国家”在发展后期沿着生产技术的革新，提高了环保技术水平。“发展中国家和新兴工业化经济体”在很大程度上拥有生产技术，但环保技术却极为匮乏。这可能主要是因为新兴工业经济体在没有（或很少有）自己的产品发明和创新过程的情况下开始大规模生产工业产品。因此，它们不具备足够的专门知识，无法在有限的时间范围内自行建立自己的环境保护技术。此外，要求新兴工业化经济体在其发展的最初阶段就考虑到全球环境问题。这对他们来说应该是一个次要的负担。由于这种次级负担，很难就全球环境问题达成一致意见。 ...更多信息 由于没有这种潜在的冲突，发展中国家无法理解新兴工业化国家的环境状况，仅仅是因为它们目前没有新兴工业化国家那样的困难。该研究项目旨在为发展中国家和新兴工业经济体之间的对话提供机会，以促进我们迈向21^世纪的可持续性<st>。我们都知道发展中国家和新工业化国家之间存在着冲突，但同时我们相信，通过认真的科学研究，可以找到解决冲突的可能线索。2）利用流域数据，基于数据包络分析（DEA）方法对流域环境保护效率和潜力进行评价，3）支持在宁夏大学举办国际研讨会，以促进对中国环境状况的认识和采取适当政策措施的有效性。从经济学理论上讲，在一定条件下，适当的政策措施可以促进企业引进污染治理技术。与此同时，对该项目的实证分析表明，投资一直是经济增长的主要来源，但投资并不一定伴随着生产增强技术的转让。（一）中央政府创造条件（环境政策，支持环境技术，和补贴），使企业能够通过市场机制自行引进适当的污染抑制设备，2）西部大开发可能产生的环境效应受技术向西部转移的性质的影响。少

"Developed countries (DCs)" enhanced their environmental protection technologies along with the innovation of their production technologies at the later stage of their development On the other hand, "developing countries and newly industrialized economies (NIEs)" -possess production technology to a large extent, however, they are extremely short of environment protection technology. This could happen mainly because NIEs launched mass production of industrial products without (or with very few) own process of invention and innovation for their own products. As a result, they do not possess enough know-how to establish their own environmental protection technology by themselves within limited time horizon. Furthermore, NIEs have been required to accommodate global environmental issues at the very early stage of their development. This should be a secondary burden for them. Due to this secondary burden, it is very difficult to get unanimous consensus to the global environmental issues.Reg … More ardless of this potential conflict, DCs could not understand the environmental situation of NIEs, simply because they did not share the same difficulties as NIEs at present. This research project was aiming to provide opportunity for a dialog between DCs and NIEs for the sake of our sustainability toward the 21^<st> Century. We all knew that there were conflicts among DCs and NIEs, but at the same time we believe that careful scientific research could find a possible clue for solution.In order to provide possible solution to this conflicts between DC's and NIE's, this research project was devoted to l) perform several questioner surveys in China, 2) estimate of efficiency and potential for environmental protection based on data envelope analysis (DEA) by utilizing data of reach province, and 3) support international symposium at Ningxia University to promote recognitions on environmental situation in China and effectiveness of introducing appropriate policy measures.This project has clarified l) Introducing pollution suppressing technology is a key factor to reduce emission of pollutant and 2) Appropriate policy measures can promote firms to introduce pollution suppressing technology under a certain conditions in terms of economic theory. At the same time empirical analysis of this project has shown that investment has been major source for economic growth but investment has not necessarily accompanied transfer of production enhancing technologies.Based on these we can conclude that : l) Central government should establish conditions (environmental policies, support for environmental technology, and subsidies) that make firms possible to introduce appropriate pollution suppressing equipments through market mechanisms by themselves, and 2) Possible environmental effects of western development in China heavily affected by the nature of technology accompanied toward the western region. Less