Fiscal Expenditure on Environment and Firm's Behavior : Macroeconomic Consequences in China and Japan

另一方面，“发展中国家和新兴工业化经济体”--在很大程度上拥有生产技术，但却极其缺乏环保技术。这可能主要是因为新兴工业企业在没有(或很少)自己的产品发明和创新过程的情况下，开始了工业产品的大规模生产。因此，他们没有足够的知识来在有限的时间内自行建立自己的环保技术。此外，新兴经济体被要求在其发展的非常早期阶段就适应全球环境问题。这对他们来说应该是次要的负担。由于这种次要的负担，很难在全球环境问题上达成一致的共识。REG…除了这种潜在的冲突外，区议会无法了解非独立实体的环境状况，原因很简单，因为它们不像目前的非独立实体那样面临同样的困难。这项研究项目旨在为发展中国家和新兴经济体之间的对话提供机会，以确保我们面向21世纪的可持续性。我们都知道DC和NIE之间存在冲突，但同时我们相信仔细的科学研究可以找到解决这种冲突的可能线索。本研究项目致力于为DC和NIE之间的冲突提供可能的解决方案，L在中国进行了多次问卷调查，2)利用REACH省的数据进行了基于数据包络分析的环境保护效率和潜力评估，3)支持宁夏大学国际研讨会，促进对中国环境状况的认识和出台相应政策措施的有效性。本项目阐明了L)引进污染治理技术是减少污染物排放的关键因素；2)从经济学理论上讲，适当的政策措施可以在一定条件下促进企业引进污染治理技术。同时，对该项目的实证分析表明，投资一直是经济增长的主要源泉，但投资并不一定伴随着增产技术的转移。由此可以得出结论：L)中央政府应创造条件(环境政策、环境技术支持和补贴)，使企业能够通过市场机制自行引进合适的污染治理设备；2)中国西部大开发可能产生的环境效应，严重受向西部地区配套技术的性质的影响。较少

"Developed countries (DCs)" enhanced their environmental protection technologies along with the innovation of their production technologies at the later stage of their development On the other hand, "developing countries and newly industrialized economies (NIEs)" -possess production technology to a large extent, however, they are extremely short of environment protection technology. This could happen mainly because NIEs launched mass production of industrial products without (or with very few) own process of invention and innovation for their own products. As a result, they do not possess enough know-how to establish their own environmental protection technology by themselves within limited time horizon. Furthermore, NIEs have been required to accommodate global environmental issues at the very early stage of their development. This should be a secondary burden for them. Due to this secondary burden, it is very difficult to get unanimous consensus to the global environmental issues.Reg … More ardless of this potential conflict, DCs could not understand the environmental situation of NIEs, simply because they did not share the same difficulties as NIEs at present. This research project was aiming to provide opportunity for a dialog between DCs and NIEs for the sake of our sustainability toward the 21^<st> Century. We all knew that there were conflicts among DCs and NIEs, but at the same time we believe that careful scientific research could find a possible clue for solution.In order to provide possible solution to this conflicts between DC's and NIE's, this research project was devoted to l) perform several questioner surveys in China, 2) estimate of efficiency and potential for environmental protection based on data envelope analysis (DEA) by utilizing data of reach province, and 3) support international symposium at Ningxia University to promote recognitions on environmental situation in China and effectiveness of introducing appropriate policy measures.This project has clarified l) Introducing pollution suppressing technology is a key factor to reduce emission of pollutant and 2) Appropriate policy measures can promote firms to introduce pollution suppressing technology under a certain conditions in terms of economic theory. At the same time empirical analysis of this project has shown that investment has been major source for economic growth but investment has not necessarily accompanied transfer of production enhancing technologies.Based on these we can conclude that : l) Central government should establish conditions (environmental policies, support for environmental technology, and subsidies) that make firms possible to introduce appropriate pollution suppressing equipments through market mechanisms by themselves, and 2) Possible environmental effects of western development in China heavily affected by the nature of technology accompanied toward the western region. Less