Fiscal Expenditure on Environment and Firm's Behavior : Macroeconomic Consequences in China and Japan

“发达国家”在发展的后期，随着生产技术的创新，环保技术也得到了提升。另一方面，“发展中国家和新兴工业化经济体”在很大程度上拥有生产技术，但却极度缺乏环保技术。这种情况可能发生的主要原因是，新兴工业企业在没有（或很少）自己的产品发明和创新过程的情况下，大规模生产了工业产品。因此，他们没有足够的知识，在有限的时间内自己建立自己的环保技术。此外，要求新兴国家在其发展的早期阶段就适应全球环境问题。这应该是他们的次要负担。由于这种次要负担，在全球环境问题上很难达成一致的共识。更重要的是，尽管存在这种潜在的冲突，但发展中国家并不了解中小企业的环境状况，因为他们目前没有与中小企业共同面临的困难。该研究项目旨在为发展中国家和新兴国家之间的对话提供机会，以实现21世纪的可持续发展。我们都知道dc和NIEs之间存在矛盾，但同时我们也相信，仔细的科学研究可以找到解决问题的可能线索。为了解决DC和NIE之间的冲突，本研究项目致力于1)在中国进行多次问卷调查，2)利用省级数据，基于数据包络分析（DEA）估计环境保护的效率和潜力，3)支持在宁夏大学举行的国际研讨会，以促进对中国环境状况的认识和引入适当政策措施的有效性。本项目从经济理论角度阐明了1)引入污染抑制技术是减少污染物排放的关键因素；2)在一定条件下，适当的政策措施可以促进企业引入污染抑制技术。同时，对该项目的实证分析表明，投资一直是经济增长的主要来源，但投资并不一定伴随着提高生产技术的转让。在此基础上，我们可以得出：1)中央政府应该创造条件（环境政策、环境技术支持和补贴），使企业能够通过市场机制自行引进合适的污染抑制设备；2)西部开发可能产生的环境效应受到西部技术伴随的性质的严重影响。少

"Developed countries (DCs)" enhanced their environmental protection technologies along with the innovation of their production technologies at the later stage of their development On the other hand, "developing countries and newly industrialized economies (NIEs)" -possess production technology to a large extent, however, they are extremely short of environment protection technology. This could happen mainly because NIEs launched mass production of industrial products without (or with very few) own process of invention and innovation for their own products. As a result, they do not possess enough know-how to establish their own environmental protection technology by themselves within limited time horizon. Furthermore, NIEs have been required to accommodate global environmental issues at the very early stage of their development. This should be a secondary burden for them. Due to this secondary burden, it is very difficult to get unanimous consensus to the global environmental issues.Reg … More ardless of this potential conflict, DCs could not understand the environmental situation of NIEs, simply because they did not share the same difficulties as NIEs at present. This research project was aiming to provide opportunity for a dialog between DCs and NIEs for the sake of our sustainability toward the 21^<st> Century. We all knew that there were conflicts among DCs and NIEs, but at the same time we believe that careful scientific research could find a possible clue for solution.In order to provide possible solution to this conflicts between DC's and NIE's, this research project was devoted to l) perform several questioner surveys in China, 2) estimate of efficiency and potential for environmental protection based on data envelope analysis (DEA) by utilizing data of reach province, and 3) support international symposium at Ningxia University to promote recognitions on environmental situation in China and effectiveness of introducing appropriate policy measures.This project has clarified l) Introducing pollution suppressing technology is a key factor to reduce emission of pollutant and 2) Appropriate policy measures can promote firms to introduce pollution suppressing technology under a certain conditions in terms of economic theory. At the same time empirical analysis of this project has shown that investment has been major source for economic growth but investment has not necessarily accompanied transfer of production enhancing technologies.Based on these we can conclude that : l) Central government should establish conditions (environmental policies, support for environmental technology, and subsidies) that make firms possible to introduce appropriate pollution suppressing equipments through market mechanisms by themselves, and 2) Possible environmental effects of western development in China heavily affected by the nature of technology accompanied toward the western region. Less