An anthropological study of shamanism and-society of peoples of the Altaic language group in northeast China

目的：本研究在阿尔泰语系少数民族中的目的是双重的。首先，研究定居化政策对原狩猎社会的影响和效果。其次，观察和分析萨满教在这些经历了巨大社会变革的社会中的地位，特别是萨满教的活动。第二，尽管受到文化大革命和政府无神论政策的严重影响，萨满教仍然活跃，近年来出现了许多新的萨满教。然而，这些新萨满在一个传统社会结构迅速失去意义的社会中活动，萨满不再为他们的氏族或次氏族服务，而是为任何向他们求助的人服务。这些萨满也不能再依靠自己群体内的力量传递，而是必须挖掘自己少数民族之外的老人的记忆，甚至包括汉族。在萨满的信仰体系中，汉人的影响有所增加。在一些地区，萨满已经重新出现，现在正在迎合日益增长的旅游业的需求。汉族信仰和旅游对这些少数民族萨满教的影响有待进一步研究。结果：首先，我们发现奥罗琴人原本是一个狩猎社会，但其社会结构已经大大削弱，语言也已经失传。然而，记住自己的旧氏族名并参加与其他奥罗琴人的会议有助于加强自己作为奥罗琴人的认同感。

Aim : The aim of this research among minorities of the Altaic language group was twofold. First, the impact and effect of policies of sedentarization on former hunter societies was to be investigated. Second, the position of shamanism in general and the activities of shamans in particular were to be observed and analyzed in these societies, which have undergone great social changes.Second, it was found that in spite of the severe effects of the Cultural Revolution and the governments atheistic policy shamanism remains active and that many new shamans have appeared in the last few years. However, these new shamans practice in a society where traditional social structures are rapidly losing significance to the extent that the shamans do not so much act for their clan or sub-clan, but for any person who asks them for help. These shamans also can no longer rely on the transmission of their power within their own group, but have to tap the memory of old people even outside of their own minority, even including Han Chinese. In the belief system of shamans an increase of Han Chinese influence was observed. In some areas, shamans have reappeared and are now catering to the demands of a growing tourism industry. The impact of Han Chinese beliefs and of tourism on the shamanism of these minority populations needs to be further investigated.Results : First, it was found that among the Orochon, originally a society of hunters, former social structures have greatly weakened and the language has been lost. Yet, remembering ones old clan name and participating in meetings with other Orochon help to reinforce ones feeling of identity as an Orochon.