Institutional Analysis of Scholarly Communication

为了考察学术界与出版界之间的机构间关系，我们对日本的一些学术出版机构进行了比较研究。以下是我们研究的四个主要发现1。学术出版商的内在困境。我们发现学术出版商的活动中存在两组矛盾，即，文化与商业，手工艺与官僚主义。组织身份的内在矛盾上述矛盾可以有意义地概念化为四种组织身份之间的矛盾文化制度、商业、工艺、官僚.组织身份与制度逻辑：组织身份的多重性与学术出版者所处的组织领域或社会世界的多重性密切相关。4.多重组织身份与决策过程：出版什么书的决策过程与组织身份的多重性密切相关。学术出版者是一个守门人或“边界守卫者”，在包括学者世界、读者世界、和商业公司。虽然出版商经常受到社会世界不同制度逻辑特征的交叉压力，但有时也作为一个制度企业家，为学术交流的重新配置做出贡献。

We have been engaged in a comparative case study of a number of scholarly publishers in Japan in order to examine the inter-institutional relationships between the academic world and the publishing world. The following are four major findings of our research1. Inherent Dilemma of Scholarly Publishers.We found that two sets of contradictions are built into the activities of scholarly publishers i.e., culture vs. commerce, craft vs. bureaucracy.2. Internal Contradiction amonu Organizational Identities.The above contradictions can be meaningfully conceptualized as contradictions among four types of organizational identities cultural institution, business, craft, bureaucracy.3. Organizational Identities and Institutional Logics.The multiplicity of organizational identities is closely related to the multiplicity of organizational fields or social worlds to which a scholarly publisher belongs.4.Multiple Organizational Identities and Decision-making Process.There exists a close relationship between the decision-making__process as to "which books to publish" and relative weights among the four types of organizational identities.A scholarly publisher is a gatekeeper or a "boundary spanner" that provides bridges among the multiple organizational fields, including worlds of academicians, of readers, and of business firms. While a publisher often suffers from cross pressures of different institutional logics characteristic of the social worlds, it also sometimes serves as an institutional entrepreneur who contributes to the reconfiguration of the scholarly communication.