A study on foreign communities or districts in 18^<th-> century Europe

这项研究旨在揭示欧洲的外国社区或地区，不仅试图阐明所谓跨文化接触的活力的一个方面，而且还试图批评最近18世纪研究的自以为是的潮流。它涉及两个特定的地区：俄罗斯的利沃尼亚，那里的土著人民是异教农奴，以及伦敦，那里存在着黑人社会。尽管利沃尼亚属于德国文化领域，但它完全融入了俄罗斯的农奴制体系，从德国贵族到爱沙尼亚或拉脱维亚的奴隶。在这样一个德国文化和本土文化错综复杂地交织在一起的独特领域里，两位德国先锋J.G.赫德和J.M.R.伦茨对生活产生了怎样的影响？为了阐明这一问题，对休佩尔的启蒙活动、默克尔的激进废奴主义主张以及利沃尼亚的反奴隶制运动进行了讨论。然后深入研究的问题是伦茨如何为受休佩尔社会批评影响的斯特姆和德朗文学运动铺平道路，以及赫德如何在休佩尔和其他人的帮助下生下了伏尔斯利德。在英格兰参与大西洋奴隶贸易在非洲和西印度群岛的大规模种植园之后的17个世纪和18个世纪，伦敦不断观察到黑人人口的涌入。他们是如何生活的，他们是如何被接受的？关于黑人的态度和身份以及英国人对他们的反应，三位英国黑人--弗朗西斯·巴伯、伊戈纳修斯·桑乔和奥劳达·埃奎亚诺--的生活受到了关注和审视。此外，还讨论了由伦敦一个外国社区的黑人社会引起的社会结构的变化和英国人对黑人的种族观念。本研究不仅试图批判白人主导的历史，而且试图通过黑人的视角重建英格兰的文化史。

This research aims to throw light on foreign communities or districts in Europe, and tries not only to elucidate one aspect of the dynamism of so-called cross-cultural contacts but also to criticize the recent self-righteous tide of 18^<th> century studies. It deals with two specific regions : Russian Livonia, where indigenous people were heathen serfs, and London, where a society of black people existed.Despite being in the German cultural sphere, Livonia was fully incorporated into the system of Russian serfdom, from German peers to Estonian or Latvian slaves. How were the two German avant-gardes, J.G.Herder and J.M.R.Lenz, influenced living in such a unique domain where German and indigenous cultures were intricately mingled? In order to illuminate this question, Hupel's enlightenment activities, Merkel's radical abolitionist argument, and the anti-slavery movement in Livonia were discussed. Then the issues that were examined thoroughly were how Lenz paved the way for the Sturm and Drang literary movement affected by Hupel's social criticism, and how Herder gave birth to Volkslieder with the assistance of Hupel and others.An influx of the black population was constantly observed in London throughout the 17^<th> and 18^<th> centuries after England's involvement in the Atlantic slave trade in Africa and large-scale plantations in the West Indies. How did they live and how were they received? In regard to the blacks' attitude and identity as well as the British reaction to them, the lives of three black Britons-Francis Barber, Igunatius Sancho, and Olaudah Equiano-were focused on and examined. Also the change of the social structure and British racial perceptions towards blacks, as caused by the black society of a foreign community in London, were discussed. This research attempts not only to criticize whites-led history but also to reconstruct the cultural history of England through blacks' eyes.