A study on foreign communities or districts in 18^<th-> century Europe

本研究旨在揭示欧洲的外国社区或地区，并试图不仅阐明所谓跨文化接触活力的一个方面，而且批评最近自以为是的18世纪研究浪潮。它涉及两个特定的地区：俄罗斯利沃尼亚，那里的土著居民是异教徒的农奴，以及伦敦，那里存在一个黑人社会。尽管身处德国文化圈，利沃尼亚完全融入了俄罗斯农奴制体系，从德国贵族到爱沙尼亚或拉脱维亚的奴隶。在这样一个德国文化和本土文化错综复杂地融合在一起的独特领域，两位德国先锋派作家J.G.Herder和J.M.R.Lenz是如何影响生活的？为了阐明这一问题，本文讨论了于佩尔的启蒙活动、默克尔激进的废奴主义主张以及利沃尼亚的反奴隶制运动。然后深入研究的问题是伦茨如何为受于佩尔社会批评影响的“风暴和Drang”文学运动铺平道路，以及赫尔德如何在于佩尔等人的帮助下诞生了《人民报》。在英国参与非洲的大西洋奴隶贸易和西印度群岛的大规模种植园之后的17世纪和18世纪，伦敦不断地出现黑人人口的涌入。他们是怎样生活的，又受到怎样的接待？关于黑人的态度和身份，以及英国人对他们的反应，本文主要关注和考察了三位英国黑人——弗朗西斯·巴伯、伊格纳修斯·桑乔和奥拉达·埃奎阿诺的生活。文中还讨论了伦敦一个外国社区的黑人社会所引起的社会结构和英国人对黑人的种族观念的变化。本研究不仅试图批判白人主导的历史，而且试图通过黑人的视角重构英国的文化史。

This research aims to throw light on foreign communities or districts in Europe, and tries not only to elucidate one aspect of the dynamism of so-called cross-cultural contacts but also to criticize the recent self-righteous tide of 18^<th> century studies. It deals with two specific regions : Russian Livonia, where indigenous people were heathen serfs, and London, where a society of black people existed.Despite being in the German cultural sphere, Livonia was fully incorporated into the system of Russian serfdom, from German peers to Estonian or Latvian slaves. How were the two German avant-gardes, J.G.Herder and J.M.R.Lenz, influenced living in such a unique domain where German and indigenous cultures were intricately mingled? In order to illuminate this question, Hupel's enlightenment activities, Merkel's radical abolitionist argument, and the anti-slavery movement in Livonia were discussed. Then the issues that were examined thoroughly were how Lenz paved the way for the Sturm and Drang literary movement affected by Hupel's social criticism, and how Herder gave birth to Volkslieder with the assistance of Hupel and others.An influx of the black population was constantly observed in London throughout the 17^<th> and 18^<th> centuries after England's involvement in the Atlantic slave trade in Africa and large-scale plantations in the West Indies. How did they live and how were they received? In regard to the blacks' attitude and identity as well as the British reaction to them, the lives of three black Britons-Francis Barber, Igunatius Sancho, and Olaudah Equiano-were focused on and examined. Also the change of the social structure and British racial perceptions towards blacks, as caused by the black society of a foreign community in London, were discussed. This research attempts not only to criticize whites-led history but also to reconstruct the cultural history of England through blacks' eyes.