A study on foreign communities or districts in 18^<th-> century Europe

本研究旨在揭示欧洲的外国社区或地区，不仅试图阐明所谓的跨文化接触的动力的一个方面，而且还批评了18世纪最近自以为是的研究潮流<th>。它涉及两个特定的地区：俄罗斯利沃尼亚，那里的土著人是异教徒农奴，伦敦，那里存在着黑人社会。尽管处于德国文化圈，利沃尼亚完全被纳入俄罗斯农奴制，从德国贵族到爱沙尼亚或拉脱维亚奴隶。在这样一个德国文化和本土文化交织的独特地区生活，J.G.赫尔德和J.M.R.伦茨这两位德国先锋是如何受到影响的？为了阐明这一问题，本文讨论了于佩尔的启蒙活动、默克尔的激进废奴主义主张以及利沃尼亚的反奴隶制运动。接着，我们深入探讨了伦茨如何为受于佩尔社会批评影响的斯特姆和德朗文学运动铺平道路，以及赫尔德如何在于佩尔等人的帮助下诞生了赫尔德。<th><th>在英国卷入非洲的大西洋奴隶贸易和西印度群岛的大规模种植园之后的17^和18^世纪，伦敦不断涌入伦敦。他们是如何生活的，又是如何被接纳的？关于黑人的态度和身份以及英国人对他们的反应，三个黑人英国人-弗朗西斯巴伯，伊古纳蒂乌斯桑乔和奥拉达埃奎亚诺的生活被集中和审查。此外，本文还讨论了伦敦黑人社会所引起的社会结构的变化和英国人对黑人的种族观念。本研究不仅试图批判白人主导的历史，而且试图通过黑人的视角重建英国的文化史。

This research aims to throw light on foreign communities or districts in Europe, and tries not only to elucidate one aspect of the dynamism of so-called cross-cultural contacts but also to criticize the recent self-righteous tide of 18^<th> century studies. It deals with two specific regions : Russian Livonia, where indigenous people were heathen serfs, and London, where a society of black people existed.Despite being in the German cultural sphere, Livonia was fully incorporated into the system of Russian serfdom, from German peers to Estonian or Latvian slaves. How were the two German avant-gardes, J.G.Herder and J.M.R.Lenz, influenced living in such a unique domain where German and indigenous cultures were intricately mingled? In order to illuminate this question, Hupel's enlightenment activities, Merkel's radical abolitionist argument, and the anti-slavery movement in Livonia were discussed. Then the issues that were examined thoroughly were how Lenz paved the way for the Sturm and Drang literary movement affected by Hupel's social criticism, and how Herder gave birth to Volkslieder with the assistance of Hupel and others.An influx of the black population was constantly observed in London throughout the 17^<th> and 18^<th> centuries after England's involvement in the Atlantic slave trade in Africa and large-scale plantations in the West Indies. How did they live and how were they received? In regard to the blacks' attitude and identity as well as the British reaction to them, the lives of three black Britons-Francis Barber, Igunatius Sancho, and Olaudah Equiano-were focused on and examined. Also the change of the social structure and British racial perceptions towards blacks, as caused by the black society of a foreign community in London, were discussed. This research attempts not only to criticize whites-led history but also to reconstruct the cultural history of England through blacks' eyes.