Diversity and evolution of Piper, with special reference to chemical component

2004年8月访问了加州科学院、加州大学伯克利分校和东京大学的植物标本库，进行比较形态学研究、分子遗传学和化学分析。2005年7月和8月，还访问了慕尼黑植物园、波恩大学植物园和德累斯顿技术大学植物园。从这些研究所获得的材料以及在东南亚各地和从京都植物园的实地研究，用于系统发育和化学分析。基于nrDNA ITS区核苷酸变异的系统发育树显示，包括M.（Piper）postelsianum from Ogasawara Is.，这是姐妹的另一个分支组成的亚洲物种的Piper sensu严格。黄花胡椒与黑胡椒属于同一进化枝。采用薄层色谱法比较了不同品种的特征化学成分。结果表明，不同种的Macropiper属植物的薄层色谱图谱非常相似。除苯丙酸类化合物外，还从波斯乳香中分离到一种卡瓦内酯（dihydromethystichin），这也表明波斯乳香与乳香的亲缘关系较近。从黄花海棠中分离得到26种化学成分。其主要成分为酰胺类化合物，其中生物碱所占比例较高。在所研究的胡椒属植物中，该种的酰胺和木脂素骨架最接近黑胡椒。这些结果似乎与分子遗传学的结果一致。

For comparative morphological studies, molecular phylogeny and chemical analysis on the genus Piper, the herbaria of the California Academy of Science, the University of California, Berkeley, and the University of Tokyo were visited in August 2004. Munich Botanical Gardens, the Botnical Garden of Bonn University and the Botanical Garden of Dresden Technological University were also visited during July and August 2005. Materials obtained from these institutes as well as those by field researches in various localities of SE Asia and from Kyoto Botanical Garden were used for phylogenetic and chemical analysis. The phylogenetic tree based on the nucleotide variation of nrDNA ITS region shows monophyly of the genus Macropiper including M.(Piper) postelsianum from Ogasawara Is., which is sister to another Clade consisting of Asian species of Piper sensu strict. Piper flaviflorum belonged to the same Clade as P.nigrum. The characteristic chemical components were compared among species using TLC. As the result, the TLC patterns of Macropiper species were very similar to each other. As well as phenylpropoanoids, a kind of kawalactone (dihydromethystichin) was isolated from M.postelsianum, which also suggested close relationship between M.postelsianum and M.methysticum. From P.flaviflorum 26 chemical components were isolated. Major components of this species were acid amide and the proportion of Piperine was relatively high. The acid amide and lignan skeleton found in this species was closest to P.nigrum among the species of Piper examined. These results appear to be consistent to the result of molecular phylogeny.