A study of American library philosophy in the first half in the 20^<th> century and its contemporary significance : Pierce Butler's thinking about books and its position from the viewpoint of media theory

皮尔斯·巴特勒在芝加哥大学的研究主要集中在他后来的作品上。从媒介理论的角度，通过考察巴特勒的著作和他在纽伯里图书馆的实践及其理论背景，我重新审视了巴特勒的图书馆哲学。巴特勒在纽伯里年间建立的大量藏书表明了文化变迁的两个重要特征：印刷的传播过程和现代图书形成的过程。他选择了具有代表性的各种印刷商的印本，各种印刷类型的标本，展示了从大写字母到罗马字母的变化，并举例展示了印刷书籍在标题页、分页、目录、索引等特征上的发展阶段。巴特勒不仅对分析目录学感兴趣，而且还关注各种思想的表达、现代科学的发展、艺术和科学出版物的扩张、作者权利意识的提高以及通过母语出版物的传播而实现的语言标准化等社会变化。巴特勒的图书馆观是其图书馆哲学的基础，他的图书观是20世纪后半叶传媒学的一个共同观点，即把印刷作为人类思想和社会结构的一种变化来分析其文化影响。与今天的媒体研究相比，巴特勒的证据存在不足。然而，我认为巴特勒是一位开拓者，他将书籍与社会历史联系起来，并将印刷术的发明视为媒体传播的一场革命。

Pierce Butler has been studied focusing on his later writings at the University of Chicago. From the viewpoint of media theory, I reconsidered Butler's library philosophy through examining not only his writings but also his practice and its theoretical background at the Newberry Library.The incunabula collection which Butler built in his Newberry years indicates two important characteristics of cultural change : the process of the spread of printing and the process of modern book formation. He chose representative incunabula of various printers, specimens of various printing types which showed the change from block letters to roman letters, and examples to show the development stage in the characteristics of printed books such as the title-page, pagination, table of contents, index and so on. Butler was not only interested in analytical bibliography but also paid attention to social change, such as the expression of various thoughts, the development of modern science, the expansion of arts and sciences publication, the uplift of the sense of the rights of authorship, and the standardization of language by the spread of native language publications. Butler's ideas about books, the basics of his library philosophy, are common to a viewpoint of media studies in the latter half in the 20th century, which is to analyze the cultural influence of printing as a change of the human mind and social structure. Compared with today's media studies, a shortage is seen in Butler's evidence. However, I consider Butler to be a pioneer, who treated books in relation to social history and considered the invention of printing as a revolution in media communication.