A study on the effects of a famine in 1921 on NEP system in Soviet=Russia

关于新经济政策体系的形成与1921年灾荒之间的关系，档案材料中有以下事实可以证明。1921年饥荒的破坏规模远远大于通常所说的，特别是在中部和下伏尔加，西伯利亚和乌克兰所谓的俄罗斯粮仓。因此，它对俄罗斯的政治和经济形势产生了广泛的影响.不是苏联的组织，而是外国的非政府组织，包括美国救济署，给饥荒的受害者提供了主要的援助。一般地说，战争共产主义政策是由于内战而不得不实行的，但实际上，在内战结束以后，这种政策，换句话说，对共产主义的幻想加速了。在这种情况下，实物税的观念最初是从Razverstka（粮食征用）计划中形成的，该计划不仅起征用机制的作用，而且起分配机制的作用。也就是说，布尔什维克的领导人 关于我们 它的目标是无货币或商品交换制度，即通过Razverstka的社会主义交换制度。他们认为实物税加上商品交换造就了革命俄国的未来。党的十大通过的关于实物税的决议，原则上遵循了这一路线。但是，Razverstka的停止严重恶化了人们的食品条件。因为停止Razverstka也意味着废除分配制度。因此，布尔什维克政府被迫允许自由贸易以实现自给自足。为此，3月28日颁布了一项关于自由贸易的法令。这一法令背离了以往的路线，是新经济政策制度的起源。但这一政策导致了大规模爆发的sack-men为食品在俄罗斯各地。布尔什维克政权必须把他们组织起来，并为此建立了国家制度之外的新的商品交换制度（主要是农民的合作交换制度和主要是工人的工人组织交换制度）。但这些制度相互竞争，最终国家商品交换制度大多无法发挥作用。这也意味着共产主义幻想的破灭和新经济政策的开始。少

Concerning of correlation between a formation of NEP system and a famine in 1921, the following facts proved clear on materials of archives.1. The scale of the damage of famine in 1921 was far larger than usually argued, especially in Central and Lower Volga, Siberia and Ukraine so called granaries of Russia. Therefore it had an effect on political and economic situation of Russia extensively.2. Not soviet organizations, but foreign NGOs, including American Relief Administration, gave principal aid to sufferers of the famine.3. In general it has been said that the war-communism policy was obliged to be introduced by Civil war, but in fact after the end of this war this policy, in other words, the illusions about communism were accelerated.4. In these circumstances the idea of tax in kind was originally formed from the scheme of Razverstka (a requisition of food ), which functioned not only as a mechanism of requisition but also that of distribution. That is to say, Leaders of Bolshevik … More s aimed for no-money or commodity exchange system, i.e. socialistic exchange system thorough Razverstka. They thought that tax in kind plus commodity exchange made the future of revolutionary Russia.5. The resolution of tax in kind adopted in 10th congress of Communist party followed in principle that course. But a halt of Razverstka aggravated food conditions of people seriously. Because a halt of Razverstka meant also an abolition of distribution system. So Bolshevik government was forced to permit a free trade for self-supporting. For this purpose a decree on free trade on 28th march was issued. This decree deviated from the previous course and was origin of NEP system.6. But this policy resulted in massive outbreaks of sack-men for food all over Russia. Bolshevik powers must organize them and for this purpose established new commodity exchange system (cooperative exchange system mainly for peasants and worker organization exchange system mainly for workers) besides state system. But these systems competed each other and finally state commodity exchange system mostly could not functioned. This also meant disappearance of the illusions about communism and the beginning of NEP system. Less