Tocpueville and Two Models of Democracy : A Comparative Historical Study of American and French political Cultures

本研究的目的是从托克维尔的政治理论出发，比较法国和美国两种现代民主模式，并在两国的历史发展中考察两种模式的对立与互动的各个方面。通过<th><th>两年的研究，我们发现：（1）尽管自美国独立战争以来法美关系源远流长，但美国对欧洲的承诺以及美国作为全球大国的崛起，在20世纪引起了法国对美国自由主义的负面反应，美国在20世纪成为全球大国后的历史性转变，以及两国当代政治话语中的托克维尔时刻<th> ...更多信息 法国人民，特别是冷战，培养了知识分子的反美主义。（2）托克维尔的民主理论在世界的这一伟大变革方面引起了各种新的解读。在美国，宗教团体政治影响力的增强、经济不平等的加剧、“社会资本”的减少、公共领域的衰落等美国社会的新趋势，迫使公共哲学家和社会科学家重新审视托克维尔对美国的描述及其民主理论。(3)In法国，托克维尔对法国政治文化的严厉批评，自他去世以来第一次被认真对待，并吸引了大批观众。这是法国接受盎格鲁-撒克逊自由主义的一个方面。不过，托克维尔也被很多人拿来作为批评美国的参考。(4)In在当代政治哲学中，美国人对托克维尔的使用和法国人对他的文本的阅读是有区别的。在美国，托克维尔主要是在共和主义或共和主义的语境中被提及，而在法国，他在法国共和主义的自由修正中被赋予了重要的角色。（5）托克维尔关于19^世纪法国民主的危险倾向的一些警告<th>，在当今世界似乎对美国比对法国更有意义。少

The aim of this research is to Compare in the light of Tocqueville's political theory two types of modern democracy, the French and the American, and to examine m the historical development of the two Countries the various aspects of the opposition and interaction of the two models. The following issues are particularly addressed : the French view of America since Tocqueville and the rise of anti-Americanism in the 20^<th> Century, the French reaction to American liberalism, the historical transformation of the United States in the 20^<th> Century as a result of its becoming a global power, and Tocqueville moments in contemporary political discourses in both countries.Principal discoveries and findings acquired through the two years research are :(1)In spite of the long history of Franco-American friendship since the tame of the American Revolution, the American commitment to Europe and the rise of the United States as a global power caused in the 20^<th> century a negative reaction of … More the French people and the Cold War in particular nurtured the anti-Americanism of intellectuals.(2)Tocqueville's theory of democracy invites various new readings in terms of this great transformation of the world. In the United States, the increasing political influence of religious groups, growing economic inequality, the decrease of "social capital", the decline of public sphere, and other recent tendencies of American society forced public philosophers and social scientists to reconsider Tocqueville's description of America and his theory of democracy.(3)In France, Tocqueville's severe critique of French political culture has, for the first time since his death, been taken seriously and attracted a big audience. It is an aspect of French reception of Anglo-Saxon liberalism. However, Tocqueville is also used by many people as a reference for criticizing America.(4)In contemporary political philosophy, there is a difference between the American use of Tocqueville and the French reading of his text In the United States, Tocqueville is mainly referred to in the republican or the oommunitarian context, while, in France, he is allotted an important role in the liberal revision of French republicanism.(5)Some of Tocqueville's warnings about the dangerous tendencies of 19^<th> century French democracy seem to be more relevant in the present world to the United States than to France. Less