Study on Application of Spreading Fire Simulation in Kanazawa's Built-up Areas

在江户封建时代，金泽的大部分建筑都是用木头建造的，屋顶覆盖着木制的瓦片。一旦发生大面积火灾，店铺（町屋）的墙壁会相互接触，容易受到火灾蔓延的影响，而武士住宅（武敷）的住宅被树木和花园包围，起到了防火的作用。在江户时代，记录在案的大面积火灾有68起，其中56.2%是50至300栋建筑被烧毁的火灾。这表明，一旦火灾失控，没有有效的阻燃系统。在金泽全面建成的1706年至1867年的162年间，每年有近1000座建筑物被烧毁，不包括最大的火灾，有10，000座房屋被烧毁。重大火灾主要发生在春季，44.8%的火灾和61.6%的烧毁房屋集中在4、5月份。风向也有很强的倾向，有北、东北、东风， 关于我们 火灾发生率为79.9%。该市做出了非凡的努力，通过在82个地点建立消防塔，专业和志愿消防员的消防值班活动，以及配备消防水桶的房屋，使城市具有防火能力。大火的蔓延对町谷地区的破坏性更大，有65.1%的火灾面积在町谷地区，而武敷地区相对安全。为了再现江户时代的火灾蔓延过程，我们构建了覆盖当时金泽大部分地区的模拟模型。该模型成功地模拟了江户时代实际发生的火灾过程和范围。它再现了火灾的过程，因为它们往往沿着町家线的街道沿着蔓延，并在町家地区以同心圆的模式蔓延。该模型还表明，寺庙和Bukeyashiki避免了火灾的蔓延，因为他们的大型房地产和树木作为阻燃因素。模型还显示，现代火灾蔓延速度约为江户时代的一半，这是因为建筑物的耐火性更高，但武敷地区除外，因为该地区现在趋于拥挤。我们的研究证明，火灾模拟模型可以再现江户时代发生的火灾的过程和程度，并比较江户时代和现代的火灾。少

In the Edo feudal era, most of Kanazawa's buildings were made by wood and covered by wooden roof tiles. Once an extensive fire occurred, merchant houses (Machiya) were prone to the spreading fire with their wall touching one another, and yet Samurai residences (Bukeyashiki) acted as the fire retardant factor with their residences surrounded by trees and gardens.In the Edo period, there were 68 recorded extensive fires and 56.2% of them were fires with 50 to 300 buildings burnt down. This indicates that there was no effective fire retardant system once the fire became out of control. During the period of 162 years between 1706 and 1867 when Kanazawa was built-up to its full scale, close to 1000 buildings were burnt down annually excluding the largest fire with 10,000 houses burnt down. Major fires occurred mainly in spring with 44.8% of all fires and 61.6% of burnt houses concentrated in April and May. The direction of wind also has strong tendency with north, northeast and east wind oc … More cupied 79.9% of all fires. The city made extraordinary efforts to make the city fire resistant by means of fire towers at 82 locations, fire watch activities by both professional and volunteer firemen, and houses equipped with water pails for fires. The spread of fire was more damaging to Machiya areas as 65.1% of burnt areas was in Machiya areas, while Bukeyashiki areas were relatively safe.To reproduce the process of fires spreading in the Edo era, we built a simulation model which covers a major part of Kanazawa at that time. The model successfully simulated the process and extent of fire as it actually occurred in the Edo period. It reproduced the process of fires as they tend to spread along the streets in Machiya lines and to spread in a concentric pattern in Machiya areas. The model also showed that temples and Bukeyashiki avoided the spread of fire as their large estates and trees acted as fire retardant factors. The model also indicated that the pace of fire spread in the modern period is about a half of that in Edo era because buildings are more fire resistant with an exception of Bukeyashiki areas as the areas tend to be more crowded now.Our research has proved that the fire simulation model can reproduce the process and extent of fires that occurred in Edo era and compare fires in Edo era and those in the modern period. Less