Formation of Landscape and Ideas of Natural Beauty in the English Landscape Gardens of the 18th Century

在这一年里，我研究了英国的两个风景园林和一些历史文献。然后，我研究了自然风景美的理论，我研究的两个花园是兰斯洛特·布朗的西恩之家和查尔斯·汉密尔顿的佩恩希尔。在文献调查方面，将托马斯·惠特利（Thomas Whately）1770年出版的《现代园林观察》（Observation on Modern Gardening）一书全部翻译成日文。布朗在世纪中期建造了许多没有象征性元素的风景园林，但没有撰写任何理论文本。所以我们不能从他的话中了解他的园艺理论。然而，观察惠特利对待理论的花园，如布朗。在本文中，惠特利把风景的性质作为造园的最重要原则。因此，花园中所有元素的形状和配置都是根据风景的主要特征来确定的。人物形象是对美、伟大、朴素的直接印象和理念。为了更深入地理解性格这一概念，我考察了性格与古典主义（洛克、休谟）、当代园艺理论（申斯通、梅森、沃波尔）的关系。由此得出结论：维特利的风景观来源于古典诗学理论和洛克的浪漫主义。

In this year, I researched two landscape gardens and some historical documents in England. Then I investigated the theories of beauty of natural scenery.Two gardens which I investigated are Syon House by Lancelot Brown, Painshill by Hon Charles Hamilton. I compared the present condition with the original of two gardens.Concerning document investigation, I translated all text of 'Observation on Modern Gardening' (1770) by Thomas Whately into Japanese.In the middle of 18th century, Brown made many landscape gardens which had no emblematic elements, but didn't write any theoretical text. So we don't know his gardening theory by his words. However the observation of Whately treats the theory of such gardens as Brown made. In this text, Whately assumes the character of the scenery the most important principle in gardening. The figures and the dispositions of all elements of gardens therefore are determined according to each prevailing character of scenery. The character is direct impression and idea such beauty, greatness and simplicity. To understand the idea of character deeply, I investigated the relations with the empiricism (Lock, Hume), the contemporary gardening theory (Shenstone, Mason, Walpole). In consequence I conclude that Whately's vision of scenery derives from the classical theory of poetics and the empiricism of Lock.