History of Military Chaplaincy from the Early Modern Period to Contemporary Times

这项研究的目的是准备在欧洲军事牧师的历史。它使用了关于改革家马丁·路德的问题“士兵是否也能得救”的小册子作为出发点。自从天主教世界崩溃以来，早期的现代军事企业家和他们的雇佣军团伙开始以自己的宗教信仰服务。出现了三种类型的教派：路德会，改革宗和天主教。问题是，这些不同类型的教派和宗教是否隶属于不同类型的军事组织。奥地利这个多民族国家也在19世纪从东南欧东正教国家教堂引进了军事牧师和穆斯林牧师。目前，上述所有基督教教派和伊斯兰教的成员都参与了对军事人员的牧师关怀-但不是在所有欧洲国家。例如，德国（尚未）提供穆斯林教牧关怀;在荷兰，有穆斯林教牧关怀，也有对军人的世俗人文关怀。军事人员的牧师顾问根据国家条例纳入军事组织。他们以非常不同的方式与他们所代表的教会联系在一起。在法国，他们向军事领导人报告，而德国选择了一种模式，即天主教和新教以及犹太教的军事牧师作为有限任命的公务员嵌入联邦国防军;然而，军事主教只与教会有联系，就礼仪而言，他与国防部长平等。有限任命的公务员身份旨在加强与犹太人代表教会或中央理事会的联系，避免过多地参与军事组织。特别是由于他们不受军事领导的限制，联邦国防军的军事牧师将充当“平民生活的窗口”（西古尔德溜冰场），并防止服务人员成为经常描述的仇恨和暴力的内在逻辑和动力的受害者。宗教和军事是两种截然不同的功能关系，每一种关系都代表着一种特定的功能逻辑。一方面是超越和个人良知，另一方面是必要时以军事力量执法。基督教和犹太教的逻辑是面向人类和民族在当今时代和未来的和平共处。

The objective of this study is the preparation of a history of military chaplaincy in Europe. It uses the tract on the question “Whether Soldiers, Too, Can Be Saved” by Reformer Martin Luther as starting point. Since the collapse of the Catholic cosmos the early modern military enterprisers and their bands of mercenaries started to serve with their own religious affiliations. Three types of denominations emerged: Lutheran, Reformed and Catholic. The question rises if these different types of denomination and religion are affiliated with different types of military organisation. The multi-ethnic state of Austria also introduced military chaplains from Orthodox Southeast European national churches and Muslim pastoral care in the course of the 19th century. These days, members of all above mentioned Christian denominations and of Islam are involved in pastoral care for military personnel – but not in all European countries. Germany, for instance, does not (yet) offer Muslim pastoral care; in the Netherlands, there is Muslim pastoral care as well as secular humanist care for military personnel. The pastoral counsellors for military personnel are integrated within the military organisation in accordance with national regulations. They are connected to the churches they represent in very different ways. In France, they report to the military leadership, whereas Germany chose a model, in which Catholic and Protestant as well as Jewish military chaplains are embedded in the Bundeswehr as civil servants on limited appointment; the military bishop, however, is only associated with the Church, and in terms of protocol he is equal to the Minister of Defence. The status of a civil servant on limited appointment is intended to strengthen the link to the delegating church or the Central Council of the Jews and to avoid too much involvement in the military organisation. Especially due to their freedom from military leadership, the military chaplains in the Bundeswehr are to act as “windows into civilian life” (Sigurd Rink) and to prevent service members from falling victim to the often-described internal logic and dynamic of hate and violence. Religion and the military are two very different functional relationships, each of which represents a specific functional logic. On the one hand, there are transcendence and individual conscience, and on the other hand there is the enforcement of law with military force, if necessary. The logics of Christianity and Judaism are oriented towards peaceful coexistence of human beings and peoples in the present time and in Eschaton.