A Study of Single Filipina Headed Households with Japanese Children and Social Welfare Support in Japan and the Philippines

与日本人结婚的菲律宾人，由于日语水平不高，无法融入日本社会，无法与日本丈夫和子女进行更好的交流。关于与日本丈夫或伴侣离婚或分居的原因，受访者回答的原因有：丈夫失业、与其他女性发生婚外情或殴打。她们的日本丈夫有非常严重的行为，影响了婚姻生活，无论菲律宾母亲和孩子住在日本还是菲律宾。菲律宾母亲通常在离婚或与日本丈夫或伴侣分居后照顾孩子。在日本，菲律宾母亲为户主的家庭愿意独立生活。他们可以利用当地政府为子女提供的生活津贴和经济援助，为独立生活做准备。然而，当产妇面对生产问题时，却不知道适当的知识与措施。在菲律宾，日本驻马尼拉大使馆没有回应这些问题。在这种情况下，一些为妇女工作的非政府组织正在帮助母亲建立自助小组，以开展各种活动。然而，这些非政府组织的组织能力有限，无法满足他们的各种需求，因此，在预测未来的结婚和离婚情况时，有必要研究支持形成多元文化家庭的社会结构。因此，本研究建议进一步研究菲律宾的出国前导向、日本的融入方案以及离婚或分居后的融入方案。此外，有必要确保日本和菲律宾之间的双边合作。

Filipina married to Japanese are prevented from socially integrating Japanese society and improving communication with Japanese husbands and children since their Japanese proficiency is not sufficient.As to the reasons to divorce or separation from their Japanese husbands or partners, the respondents answered the following reasons; their husbands were unemployed, having extra-marital affairs with other women or battering. Their Japanese husbands are having very serious behaviour which affects the marriage life no matter where the Filipina mother and children live in Japan or the Philippines. The Filipina mothers are usually take care of their children after divorce or separation with Japanese husbands or partners. In Japan, the Filipina mother-headed households are willing to live independently. They are able to avail of living allowance and financial assistance for the child and as such given by the local government to prepare for the independent living. However, when the mothers face labor problems, they do not know about appropriate knowledge and measures. In the Philippines, the embassy of Japan in Manila does not respond to the problems. In this situation, some NGOs working for women are helping the mothers establish self-help group to implement different activities. However, these NGOs are limited in organizational capability to respond to their various needs.Projecting the future marriage and divorce, there is a need to study about supporting social structures by which multicultural families are formed. For this, this study suggests recommend for further studies about pre-departure orientation in the Philippine, integration program in Japan and reintegration program after divorce or separation. Furthermore, there is a need to ensure the bilateral cooperation between Japan and the Philippines.