Invective asymmetrization. Diatribe duels in Italian and German humanism

人文主义“意味着什么，谁属于人文主义者的群体”，这一点尤其在谩骂中得到了澄清。该研究项目询问了一种精心设计的谩骂语言作为一种社会特征或象征资本的方面，借助这种语言，某些人和群体成功地实现了与-à-vis对手的不对称，例如，被贬低为“野蛮人”或“经院学者”，从而被赶出了认可圈。该研究集中在弗朗西斯科·佩特拉卡、雅各布·温菲林和鲁克林争议的例子上。

What ‚humanism‘ means and who belongs to the group of ‚humanists‘ was clarified not least in the medium of invectivity. The research project asks about the aspect of an elaborate invective language as a social distinctive feature or symbolic capital, with the help of which certain people and groups succeeded in achieving an asymmetry vis-à-vis opponents, who are disparaged, for example, as ‚barbarians‘ or ‚scholastics‘ and thus pushed out of the circle of recognition. The study is focused on the example of Francesco Petrarca, Jakob Wimpfeling and the Reuchlin controversy.