Evolution of Convective Clouds, and their Coupling with Meso- to Large-Scale Precipitation Systems

本研究的目的是通过利用EAR（赤道大气雷达）和各种仪器对赤道大气进行全面观测，了解对流起源大气波的行为和机制，以及赤道对流活动的层次结构及其之间的耦合。因此，必须建立和保持可靠的观测和数据质量，以促进科学研究。综合数据分析，得出以下结论.在海洋性大陆，降雨特征是海洋型和大陆型的混合，导致降雨活动的特殊性，闪电活动也有类似的特征.三维雨结构显着依赖于相位的Madden-Julian振荡（MJO）和超级云团（SCC）;深，局部对流似乎是占主导地位的非活跃阶段的MJO。中尺度云团（CC）明显地出现在大尺度扰动中。SCC的东移是CC持续发展的结果，与西苏门答腊的地理特征有关.雨滴谱分布是对流微物理过程的结果，具有明显的日变化和季节内变化.上述对流活动的时空变化导致闪电活动和加热廓线的变化。这些也依赖于陆地和海洋。此外，短期垂直风波动，这将与重力波的产生，显示出显着的日变化和季节内变化。

The objective of this research is to understand the behavior and mechanisms of convection-origin atmospheric waves as well as the hierarchical structure of equatorial convective activities and couplings between them, through comprehensive observations of equatorial atmosphere utilizing the EAR (Equatorial Atmosphere Radar) and various instruments. It is therefore important to construct and maintain reliable observation and data quality to contribute to scientific studies. From comprehensive data analyses, the following results have been obtained.1. In the Maritime Continent, rainfall characteristics are mixture of oceanic and continental types, resulting in peculiar behavior of rainfall activity A similar feature is also found in lightning activity.2. Three-dimensional rain structure significantly depends on the phase of Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) and Super Cloud Cluster (SCC); deep, localized convection appears to be dominant in the inactive phase of MJO.3. Mesoscale cloud cluster (CC) clearly appears in large scale disturbances. Eastward moving of SCC is caused by the consecutive development of CC, and related to the geographical feature of West Sumatra.4. Raindrop size distribution, a resulting quantity of microphysical processes in convection, shows significant diurnal and intraseasonal variations.5. Temporal-spatial variabilities of convective activities mentioned above cause variations in lightning activity and heating profile. These also depend on over land and ocean. In addition, short-term vertical wind fluctuations, which would be related to gravity wave generation, show significant diurnal and intraseasonal variations.