STRACTURAL AND ELECTRONIC STRACTURAL STUDIES ON SURFACES AND INTERFACES OF IONIC LIQUIDS BY NONLINEAR OPTICAL AND ELECTRONIC SPECTROSCOPIES

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For five years of the MEXT project of "Science of Ionic Liquids", our group has started and carried out a couple of subjects related to the surfaces and interfaces of room temperature ionic liquids (RTIL) ; i) IR-Vis sum-frequency generation (IV-SFG) study on the air/liq interface of RTILs and their aqueous solutions, ii) Vibrational spectroscopic study (IR, Raman) on RTILs and their aqueous solutions, iii) X-ray reflectivity study on the air/liq interface of RTILs, iv) UPS, IPES and MAES studies of RTILs for their electronic structure, v) Soft X-ray emission spectroscopy of RTILs, vi) Electrochemical IV-SFG study on the metal/liq interface of RTILs vii) IV-SFG study on the liq/liq interface of RTILs. We have found that the interfaces are made of polar-oriented cations and anions to reduce surface and interface tensions. We have observed Madelung-potential to be 4-5 eV, which is much smaller than those of conventional ionic crystals.