Pathways from Rule-Taking to Rule-Making: A Comparison of China and Korea’s Internationalization Strategies for Digital Standards

经济后发国家要求在全球规则制定中拥有更大发言权，这是全球治理中日益激烈的争论的一个来源。本项目研究从规则制定到规则制定的特定途径，以及不断崛起的规则制定者对全球秩序的影响。虽然国际关系（IR）学者分析了已经崛起的大国的意图和行为，但他们的背景故事却没有得到充分的研究。这些国家究竟是如何从规则接受者转变为规则制定者的？影响规则制定者在全球舞台上的影响力和影响力的关键因素是什么？本项目将比较研究中国和韩国这两个正在崛起的规则制定者在技术标准化领域的路径。在东亚蓬勃发展的科技行业的推动下，两国的参与者在国际标准化组织（ISO）等国际标准开发组织（sdo）的数字技术标准编写中承担了越来越多的规则制定角色。虽然两国在技术标准化方面的崛起有许多共同点，但在标准化社区的现任者如何接受它们方面也存在显著差异。虽然韩国参与者在现有的标准化社区中受到很大欢迎，但中国参与者在数字标准制定中日益增长的作用现在是一个极具争议的问题，目前正在发展跨大西洋对抗中国影响力的努力。本研究旨在进一步推动关于新兴大国的学术辩论，并为更广泛的受众提供有关中国与西方国家之间不断升级的冲突中心话题的知识。指导性研究问题如下：(1)新兴规则制定者如何发展监管力量，在国际标准化中发挥影响力？(2)具有不同议价能力的新兴规则制定者采取了哪些策略来塑造国际标准化？(3)就现有规则制定者的回应而言，为什么后来者的要求有时会得到满足，有时则会受到质疑？(4)当越来越多的规则制定者推动增加发言权时，对国际标准化的影响是什么？该项目将采用混合方法，结合实地考察、调查和文件分析的见解。

Demand from economic latecomers for greater say in global rule-making is a source of rising contention in global governance. This project studies particular pathways from rule-taking to rule-making as well as the implications of rising rule-makers for global order. While International Relations (IR) scholars have analyzed the intentions and behaviors of already risen powers, their back story is understudied, ie. how exactly did these countries make the transition from rule-taker to rule-maker? And what are the key factors that shape rising rule-makers’ reach and influence on the global stage? This project will comparatively study the pathways of two rising rule-makers, China and South Korea, in the arena of technical standardization. Spurred by booming tech sectors in East Asia, actors from both countries have assumed growing rule-making roles in the writing of technical standards for digital technologies in international Standard Development Organizations (SDOs) such as the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). While there are many commonalities between the two countries’ rise in technical standardization, there are also striking differences in how they have each been received by incumbents within standardization communities. Whereas Korean actors have been largely welcomed into existing standardization communities, the growing role of Chinese actors in digital standard-setting is now a highly contentious issue and a trans-Atlantic effort to counter China’s influence is currently developing. This research aims to both further scholarly debate about rising powers and also generate knowledge for a broader audience on a topic at the center of escalating conflict between China and Western countries. The guiding research questions are as follows:(1) How do rising rule-makers develop the regulatory strength to exert influence in international standardization? (2) What strategies do rising rule-makers with different bargaining power adopt to shape international standardization? (3) Regarding incumbent rule-makers responses, why are the demands of latecomers sometimes accommodated and other times contested? (4) What are the consequences for international standardization when rising rule-makers push for increased voice? The project will employ mixed methods combining insights from fieldwork, surveys and document analysis.