Colonial rule inlocal contexts. The administration of indigenous districts in New-Spain and Peru in the 18th century

当地环境中的殖民统治。

• 批准号: 516767515
• 负责人: Professorin Dr. Silke Hensel
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Abteilung für Iberische und Lateinamerikanische Geschichte
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Research Units
• 资助国家: 德国
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/516767515?language=en
• 关键词: Colonial; rule; inlocal; contexts.; administration

Spanish America represented a paradigmatic case of xenocracy that followed initial cultural contact and was characterized by long-lasting perceptions of foreignness. The Spanish colonial empire lasted for three centuries. Different American societies had to be integrated. Populations lumped together as indigenous were legally and administratively separated from the Spanish-descended population. In addition, African-descended people and descendants from exogamous unions were added. Spanish rule was stabilized through a differentiated administrative structure in which ascriptions of foreignness played an important role in the creation and treatment of different social groups. When the Bourbon reforms initiated far-reaching administrative changes in the second half of the 18th century, local administration had to be renegotiated because of the intensification of colonial control and exploitation, but also because of the introduction of new administrative levels such as the intendancies and the accompanying reorganization of district administration. The reforms in part exacerbated ascriptions of foreignness. The project examines local administrative practices in indigenous, rural districts - the lowest level of crown administration - in the two most important parts of the empire, New Spain and Peru. It inquires into the relevance of categories of difference based on foreignness for administrative practices, asks how these categories changed in the course of the comprehensive reforms of the colonial administration, and explores the significance of ascriptions of foreignness in the processes of negotiation between the local population and officials. On the one hand, the officials in charge were direct representatives of xenocratic rule which they established through symbolic acts and specific forms of communication. They maintained social networks and had the task of maintaining order and organizing jurisdiction, tribute collection, and the distribution of labor obligations. On the other hand, they had to deal with indigenous agency and resistance on the ground and were involved in processes of transculturation. For the stabilization of colonial rule, resulting tensions had to be balanced. With this perspective, which closely follows the research group’s main research questions, the project argues that in New Spain and Peru constructions of foreignness were negotiated in a conflictive, fluid, and productive field of tension that was characterized by powerful inscriptions and appropriation and agency on the part of the population alike.

西属美洲是异族统治的典型案例，它在最初的文化接触之后，以长期的异族观念为特征。西班牙殖民帝国持续了三个世纪。不同的美国社会必须融合。在法律上和行政上，被统称为土著人的人口与西班牙后裔人口是分开的。此外，非洲人后裔和异族通婚的后代也被包括在内。西班牙的统治是通过一种不同的行政结构来稳定的，在这种结构中，外国人的归属在创造和对待不同的社会群体方面发挥了重要作用。当波旁改革在18世纪下半叶开始了深远的行政变革时，由于殖民控制和剥削的加剧，地方行政不得不重新谈判，但也因为引入了新的行政级别，如行政部门和伴随的地区行政重组。改革在一定程度上加剧了对外国人的指责。该项目审查了帝国最重要的两个部分，新西班牙和秘鲁的土著、农村地区的地方行政做法- -最低一级的皇家行政管理。本文探讨了基于外来性的差异范畴与行政实践的相关性，以及这些范畴在殖民行政的全面改革过程中是如何变化的，并探讨了外来性归属在当地居民与官员谈判过程中的意义。一方面，主管官员是异族统治的直接代表，他们通过象征性的行为和具体的交流形式建立了异族统治。他们维持社会网络，承担着维持秩序、组织管辖、征收贡品和分配劳动义务的任务。另一方面，他们必须处理当地的代理和抵抗，并参与跨文化的过程。为了稳定殖民统治，必须平衡由此产生的紧张局势。从这个角度来看，紧跟研究小组的主要研究问题，该项目认为，在新西班牙和秘鲁，外国人的建构是在一个冲突的、流动的和富有成效的紧张领域中进行谈判的，这种紧张领域的特点是强大的铭文、拨款和人口的代理。